ارزیابی پایداری شش بوم‌نظام‌ تولید محصولات زراعی بر اساس تحلیل امرژی و اقتصادی در شهرستان هیرمند

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 11، دوره 13، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 49، آذر 1400، صفحه 539-561   

نوع مقاله: علمی - پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/agry.2021.69477.1032

نویسندگان

سمیه میرشکاری¹؛ مهدی دهمرده^{* 2}؛ محمدرضا اصغری پور³؛ احمد قنبری¹؛ اسماعیل سیدآبادی⁴

¹گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، ایران.

²گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، ایران

³گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

⁴گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی،دانشگاه زابل، ایران

چکیده

استفاده از رهیافت تحلیل امرژی در ارزیابی پایداری نظام‌های زراعی، منجر به اعمال مدیریت صحیح در راستای افزایش پایداری تولید در این نظام‌ها می­شود. در این مطالعه، شش نظام تولید محصولات زراعی گندم، پیاز، سیر، رازیانه، زیره‌ سبز و سیاه‌دانه در سطح شهرستان هیرمند، ایران، با استفاده از شاخص‌های امرژی و اقتصادی از نظر پایداری اکولوژیکی، ارزیابی شد. به این منظور، 117 مزرعه برای گندم، 47 مزرعه برای پیاز، 32 مزرعه برای سیر، 17 مزرعه برای زیره‌ سبز، 12 مزرعه برای رازیانه و هشت مزرعه برای سیاه‌دانه انتخاب شد. تعداد نمونه‌های مورد نیاز با استفاده از روش نیمن تعیین شد. داده‌های موردنیاز برای این مطالعه شامل ورودی‌ها و خروجی‌های محیطی و اقتصادی با استفاده از پرسش‌نامه و اندازه‌گیری‌های میدانی جمع‌آوری شد. نظام‌های تولید منطقه هیرمند عموماً کم نهاده هستند و با اتکای اندک به نهاده‌های بازاری مدیریت می‌شوند. در این پژوهش، ساختار امرژی ورودی و شاخص‌های امرژی برای نظام‌های مختلف محاسبه شد. کل انرژی حمایت‌کننده نظام‌های تولید گندم، پیاز، سیر، رازیانه، زیره‌ سبز و سیاه‌دانه شهرستان هیرمند به‌ترتیب 10¹⁶×25/3، 10¹⁶×37/3، 10¹⁶×36/4، 10¹⁶×29/2، 10¹⁶×84/1 و 10¹⁶×82/1 ام‌ژول خورشیدی در هکتار بود. جریان‌های محیطی رایگان به‌ترتیب 27/74، 85/67، 21/52، 16/56، 92/56 و 49/52 درصد از کل انرژی ورودی نظام‌های تولید گندم، پیاز، سیر، رازیانه، زیره‌ سبز و سیاه‌دانه را به خود اختصاص دادند. سهم زیاد نهاده‌های رایگان داخلی نشان می‌دهد که غالب مزارع مورد مطالعه، نظام‌هایی غیر صنعتی هستند که به‌شیوه سنتی و کم‌نهاده مدریت می‌شوند. مقادیر محاسبه‌ شده برای شاخص‌های پایداری استاندارد و اصلاح شده (ESI و ESI*) نشان داد، پایداری اکولوژیکی نظام تولید رازیانه بیشتر از سایر نظام‌های مطالعه است. دلیل اصلی پایداری بیشتر این نظام سهم زیاد انرژی ورودی مربوط به نهاده‌های محیطی رایگان و منابع تجدید‌پذیر اقتصادی بود. همچنین بالا بودن کسر مبادله امرژی (EER)، پایداری زیست‌محیطی منتج از تأثیر بازار، مقدار انرژی صرف شده کمتر در تولید هر واحد خروجی و بهره‌وری بیشتر کل عوامل تولید حاکی از مزیت نسبی بیشتر نظام تولید رازیانه است. در مجموع، ارزیابی‌های انجام ‌شده بر اساس محاسبه 14 شاخص امرژی و اقتصادی نشان داد که در نظام‌های زراعی غالب شهرستان هیرمند، توجه به راهکارهای عملی در مدیریت جامع بوم‌نظام تولیدی به‌ویژه حفاظت از مواد آلی خاک و جلوگیری از فرسایش خاک می‌تواند در پایداری اکولوژیکی این نظام‌ها تأثیر چشمگیری داشته باشد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

بار زیست‌محیطی؛ تحلیل تلفیقی؛ سیستان؛ کشاورزی فشرده؛ کمّی کردن پایداری

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