Introduction
Major problems of pomegranate production, which is common in almost all of the world's pomegranate growing areas, especially in warm and dry regions, is the splitting of fruit, which is the most damaging to gardeners after pomegranate fruit moth. On the other hand, different studies indicate that girdling affects the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of different fruit trees. In the gird, the trunk skin must be completely removed so that the upper to lower skin relationship is completely cut off. The raw material that is absorbed by the root and rising through the xylem is transformed into a sap in the leaf, and in the return path through the phloem, it hits the barrier and accumulated above the wound site. Due to this process, sugar and plant hormones and starch reach the upper part of the wound girdling in trees for various purposes, such as raising the percentage of fruition of the plant, increasing size and increasing the quality and accelerating the fruition is done.
Material and Methods
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of girdling time on quantitative and qualitative properties of two red peel sweet and tart varieties in the Mahdi Shahr city, Semnan province. The girdling was taken at three full bloom days, two months after full bloom and four months after full bloom. To do a girdling, a double-edged knife was plunged into the trunk, and the ring-like cutting was done around the trunk. So that the layer of bark was cut from the trunk with a diameter of less than 2 to 3 mm continuously and separated from the trunk completely, so that the relationship between the top and the bottom was cut off. To evaluate qualitative and quantitative traits, 3 fruits were selected from the northern, southern and middle parts of each tree and transferred to the laboratory for measuring morphological and physiological traits. Physiochemical traits including pH, titratable acidity content, total soluble solids and morphological traits including weight, volume, average weight of 100 aryls and percentage of fruit juice, Ariel seed weight percentage, and split percentage were investigated.
Results and Discussion
The results indicated that girdling at full bloom and two months after full bloom significantly reduced the percentage of fruit blooming in both cultivars compared to the control (non-girdling) treatment. Also, among the studied cultivars, percentage of splitting in red peel was higher than that of sour-sweet. In addition, girdling at full bloom and four months after bloom was able to increase weight, volume, and average weight of 100 aryls. Among two studied cultivars, sour-sweet showed higher soluble solids content and titratable acid percentage than red peel. It can be stated that photosynthetic materials in the crown of the tree are blocked by conducting a loop on the branch of the plant and prevent the transfer of these materials to the root. This allows the carbohydrates from photosynthesis to be transferred to fruits that are growing. As a result, the fruit grows more and subsequently increases its weight, volume, and number of aryls. In addition, the growth of root is reduced as a result of girdling and water, mineral salts, as well as growth regulators to the canopy and terminal meristem of the plant are slowed down, thereby significantly decreasing vegetative growth to be seen in the tree. Subsequently, with decreasing vegetative growth in the tree, the carbohydrate which is produced in the leaves is allocated to the growing fruits. This also increases the weight and volume of fruit in the tree. Since the girdling treatments are associated with meiosis (in full blooming stage) and in the stage of the growing of fruits cells (4 months after full bloom), it can be justified to enhancement of the weight and reduction of splitting percentage in the fruits of trees which is girdled. The main reason for this difference is the tension entered into the girdled trees at the interval between the application of the treatment and the wound healing.
Conclusion
According to the results of this study, it was found that the process of girdling results in weight and volume enhancement of the fruit. In addition, the quantitative and qualitative traits investigated in the experiment were different in the two cultivars of red peel sweet and sour-sweet. In addition, girdling was effective on the pomegranate splitting, which is one of the important issues in the plantation of this fruit. However, the timing of the girdling at the full bloom and the four months after full blooming had the greatest effect on reduction of the severity of this complication.
|
- Abubakar, A.R., Ashraf, N., & Ashraf, M. (2013). Effect of plant biostimulants on fruit cracking and quality attributes of pomegranate cv. Kandharikabuli. Scientific Research and Essays 8(44): 2171-2175. https://doi.org/10.5897/SRE2013.5702.
-
Afshari, H., Sajedi, S., & Hokmabadi, H. (2014). Effect of gibberllic acid and girdling on pomological characteristics of fruit in grape cv. Akgari. Journal of Horticulture Science 28(2): 269-276. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v0i0.22182.
Agusti, M., Martinez-Fuentes, A., & Mesejo, C. (2002). Citrus fruit quality. Physiological basis and techniques of improvement. Agrosienta 2: 1-16
Ahmed, F.F., Mohamed, M.M., Abou El-Khashab, A.M.A., & Aeed, S.H.A. (2014). Controlling fruit splitting and improving productivity of Manfalouty pomegranate trees by using salicylic acid and some nutrients. World Rural Observations 6(1): 87-93.
Akbarpour, V., Hemmati, K., & Sharifani, M. (2009). Physical and chemical properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit in maturation stage. American-Eurasian Journal Agricultural and Environmental Science 6: 411-416.
Allan, P., George, A.P., Nissen, R.J., & Rasmussen, T.S. (1993). Effects of girdling time on growth, yield and fruit maturity of the low chill peach cultivar Flordaprince. Australian Journal of Experimental Agricultur 33: 781-785. http://doi.org/10.1071/EA9930781
Al-Maiman, S.A., & Ahmad, D. (2002). Changes in physical and chemical properties during pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit maturation. Food Chemistry 76: 437-441.
Al-Yahyai, R., Al-Said, F., & Opara, L. (2009). Fruit growth characteristics of four pomegranate cultivars from northern Oman. Agricultural and Biological Sciences 64: 335-341. http://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2009029
Amati, A., Marangoni B., Zironi R., Castellari, M., & Arfelli, G. (1994). Differentiated grape harvesting. The effects of cluster thinning on vine physiology. (IIIrd) Rivista. di Vitic. di Enolo 47(3): 3-12
Arakawa, O., Kanno, K., Kanetsuka, A., Shiozaki, Y., & Barritt, B.H. (1997). Effects of girdling and bark inversion on tree growth and fruit quality of apple. Acta Horticulturae 451: 579-585. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.451.67
Arnal, L., & Del Rio, M.A. (2004). Quality of persimmon fruit ‘Rojo Brillante’ during storage at different temperatures. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 2: 243-247. http://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2004022-78
Balbontin, C., Ayala, H., Bastías, R.M., Tapia, G., Ellena, M., Torres, C., Yuri, J.A., J Quero-García, A., Rios, J.C., & Silva, H. (2013). Cracking in sweet cherries: A comprehensive review from a physiological, molecular, and genomic perspective. Chilean Journal of Agriculture Research 73(1): 66-72. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718%2D58392013000100010
Bhujbal, B.G., & Chaudhari, K.G. (1993). Yield and quality of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grape (Vitis vinifera L.) as influenced by girdling and gibberellins. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities 4(2): 108-112.
Byers, R.E., Carbaugh, D.H., & Presley, C.N. (1990). ‘Stayman' fruit cracking as affected by surfactants, plant growth regulators, and other chemicals. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115(3): 405-411.
Cam, M., Hisil, Y., & Durmaz, D. (2009). Characteristion of pomegranate juices from ten cultivars grown in Turkey. International Journal of Food Properties 12: 388-395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910701813917
Chanana, Y.R., & Beri, S. (2004). Studies on the improvement of fruit quality of subtropical through girdling and thinning. Acta Horticulturae 662: 1150-1157. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.662.51
Christodouloum, A.J., Weaver, R.J., & Pool, R.M. (1968). Relation of girdling and gibberellin treatment to fruit set, berry development and cluster compactness in Vitis vinifera grapes. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 92: 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4238(77)90028-0.
Davise, F.S., & Albrigo, L.G. (1994). Citrus. CAB. International, pp: 11-37.
Fageria, M.S., Dhaka, R.S., & Chaudhary, N.L. (1998). Determination of maturity standards of dates. Pp. 426-432. Proceeding of First International Conference on Date Palms, 8-10 March. Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
Ferguson, L., Mariscal, M., Reyes, H., Metheney, P., & Herman, K. (2003). Using trunk girdling to improve ‘Black Mission’ fig size. Acta Horticulturae 605: 167-169. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.605.25
Formolo, R., Rufato, L., Kretzschmar, A.A., Schlemper, C., Mendes, M., Marcon Filho, J.L., & Lima, A.P. (2010). Gibberellic acid and cluster thinning on seedless grape ‘BRS Clara’ in Caxias do Sul, Rio Grandedo Sul state, Brazil. Acta Horticulturae 884: 467-471. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2010.884.59
Gharah Shikhbayat, R. (1994). Investigation of several chemical material and irrigation period in prevention of pomegranate cracking in Malas-e-Torsh cultivar. MSc Thesis. Tarbiat Modares University. Tehran, Iran.
Gharh Sheykhbayat, R. (2006). Anatomical study of fruit cracking in pomegranate cv. Malas-e- Torsh. Journal of Research and Construction in Agriculture and Horticulture 69: 10-14.
Goren, R., Hubernam, M., & Goldschmidt, E.E. (2004). Girdling: Physiological and horticultural aspects. Horticultural Reviews 30: 1-35.
Gozlekci, S., & Kayank, L. (2000). Physical and chemical changes during fruit development and flowering in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivar ‘Hacaznar’ grown in Antalya region. Ciheam-Options Mediteraians 42: 79-85.
Harvell, D.C., & Williams, L.E. (2002). Effect of trunk girdling and GA3 application on leaf net CO2 assimilation rate of two seedless grape. Plant Physiology Supplement 77: 4-61
Hemati, Kh. (2015). Effect of Climatic Conditions and Time of Fruit Harvesting on Quantity and Quality of Flavonoids in Different Citrus Cultivars. PhD thesis. Faculty Agriculture. Tarbiat Modares University. 132pp
Hepaksoy, S., Aksoy, U., Can, H.Z., & Ui, M.A. (2000). Determination of relationship between fruit cracking and some physiological responses, leaf characteristics and nutritional status of some pomegranate varieties. Série A. Séminaires Méditerranéens 42: 81-86
Jedlow, L.K., & Schrader, L.E. (2005). Fruit cracking and splitting. Producing Premium Cherries. Pacific Northwest Fruit School Cherry Shortcourse Proceedings, Chapter 10. pp: 65-66.
Jindal, P.C., Dhwan, S.S., & Chauhan, K.S. (1982). Effect of girdling alone and in combination with boric acid on berry set, berry drop, yield and quality of grapes. Vitis 72: 412-418.
Krezdorn, A.H., & Wiltbank, W.J. (1968). Annual girdling of ‘Orlando Tangelo’ over an eight year period. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 81: 29-35
Shakeri, M., & Sadat Akhavi, Y. (2003). Pests and diseases of pomegranates. Tasbih Publications of Yazd. 126 Pp
Shakeri, M., Jahani, M., & Vazifeshenas, K.R. (2011). Comparison of exported pomegranate cultivars for crown worm infection, fruit burst and sunburn, Proceedings of National Pomegranate Conference. Ferdows. Ferdows Pomegranate Research Center.
Shulman, Y., Fainbertein, L., & Lavee S. (1984). Pomegranate fruit development and maturation. Journal of Horticultural Science 48: 293-296.
Simon, G. (2006). Review on rain induced fruit cracking of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.), its causes and possibilities of prevention. International Journal of Horticultural Science 12: 27-35. http://doi.org/10.31421/IJHS/12/3/654
Varasteh, F., Arzani, K., & Zamani, Z.A. (2009). An Investigation on the physicochemical seasonal changes of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit cv. Malas-e-Torsh-e-Saveh'. Iranian Journal and Horticultural Science 39(1): 29-37. (In Persian with English abstract). https://dor.net/dor/20.1001.1.2008482.1387.39.1.4.4
Varasteh, F., Arzani, K., Tabatabaei, S.Z., & Zamani, Z. (2008). Physico-chemical seasonal changes of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.E) fruit ‘Malas-e-Torsh-e-Saveh’ in Iran. Acta Horticulturae 769: 255-258. http://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.769.36
Verreynne, J.S., Rabe, E., & Theron, K. I. (2001). The effect of combined deficit and summer trunk girdling on the internal fruit quality of ‘Marisol’ clementine. Scientia Horticulture 91: 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(01)00233-3
Williams, L.E., & Ayars, J.E. (2005). Water use of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapevines as affected by the application of gibbrellic acid (GA3) and trunk girdling –practices to increase berry size. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 129: 85-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.11.007
Wright, G.C. (2000). Girdling ‘Fairchild’ mandarins and ‘Lisbon’ lemons to improve fruit size. University of Arizona, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Publications, Tucson, Arizona.
Zarei, M., & Azizi, M. (2010). Evaluation of some physicochemical characteristics of six Iranian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars fruit at ripening stage, Journal of Horticultural Science 24(2): 175-183. https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v1389i2.7995
|
