بررسی اثر مقادیر مختلف کود نیتروژن بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و کارایی مصرف نیتروژن دو رقم کینوا (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) در استان خوزستان

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 5، دوره 14، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 54، دی 1401، صفحه 671-691   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/agry.2021.20327.0

نویسندگان

پیوند پاپن¹؛ علی مختاران^{* 2}؛ سجاد انصاری اردلی³

¹کارشناس سازمان آب و برق خوزستان، ایران.

²استادیار پژوهشی بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی ایران، ایران.

³دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران.

چکیده

یکی از راه­های استفاده و بهره­برداری از آب و اراضی شور استفاده از گیاهان متحمل به شوری مانند کینوا است .مدیریت عناصر غذایی مانند نیتروژن در خاک­های شور می­تواند اثرات منفی شوری بر رشد و عملکرد گیاهان را کاهش دهد. به‌منظور بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف نیتروژن بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد، پروتئین دانه و کارایی مصرف نیتروژن دو رقم کینوا  (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)در شرایط آبیاری با زه‌آب مزارع نیشکر، آزمایش مزرعه­ای در سال زراعی 98- 1397در شرکت کشت و صنعت نیشکر میرزا کوچک خان در جنوب غرب خوزستان به‌صورت کرت­های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. چهار سطح کود نیتروژن شامل صفر (شاهد)، 75، 150 و 225 کیلوگرم در هکتار از منبع کود اوره به‌عنوان فاکتورکرت اصلی و دو رقم کینوا شامل تیتی­کاکا و گیزاوان به‌عنوان فاکتورکرت فرعی در نظر گرفته شد. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل:ارتفاع گیاه، قطر ساقه، تعداد گل‌آذین، وزن هزار دانه، شاخص سطح برگ، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت، کارایی مصرف نیتروژن و محتوی پروتئین دانه بود. نتایج نشان داد که برهم‌کنش نیتروژن و رقم بر شاخص سطح برگ، تعداد گل‌آذین در بوته، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک و پروتئین دانه معنی­دار بود. بیشترین ارتفاع گیاه، قطر ساقه و شاخص سطح برگ در نتیجه کاربرد تیمار 225 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار حاصل شد. بیشترین عملکرد دانه در رقم گیزاوان (2363 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در سطح 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به‌دست آمد و پس از آن کاهش یافت، امّا در رقم تیتی‌کاکا بیشترین عملکرد دانه (2372 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در سطح 225 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به‌دست آمد و واکنش آن تا بالاترین سطح کود نیتروژن به‌صورت خطی بود. بیشترین مقدار پروتئین دانه در رقم گیزاوان با کاربرد 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار حاصل شد که 138 درصد بیشتر از شاهد بود. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست آمده، رقم گیزاوان کینوا می­تواند انتخاب بسیار مناسبی برای زمین­های شور و کم بازده در جنوب استان خوزستان باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

پروتئین دانه؛ تیتی‌کاکا؛ شاخص سطح برگ؛ گیزاوان

مراجع

Aamer, S., Hassan, M., Ehsanullah, Shakeel, A.A., Mohsin, T., and Aziz, R., 2014. Growth and development of Chenopodium quinoa genotypes at different sowing dates. Journal of Agricultural Research 52(4): 535-546.

Abou-Amer, A.I., and Kamel, A.S., 2011. Growth, yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under different rates and methods of nitrogen fertilization. Egyptian journal of agronomy 33(2): 155-166. 10.21608/agro.2011.156

Algosaibi, A.M., El-Garawany, M.M., Badran, A.E., and Almadini, A.M., 2015. Effect of irrigation water salinity on the growth of quinoa plant seedlings. Journal of Agricultural Science 7(8): 205. 10.5539/jas.v7n8p205

Alshameri, A., Al-Qurainy, F., Khan, S., Nadeem, M., Gaafar, A.R., Tarroum, M., Alameri, A., Alansi, S., Arduini, I., Masoni, A., Ercoli, L., and Mariotti, M., 2006. Grain yield, and dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in durum wheat as affected by variety and seeding rate. The European Journal of Agronomy 25: 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.06.009

Almaliotis, D., Therios, I., & Karatassiou, M. 1996, September. Effects of nitrogen fertilization on growth, leaf nutrient concentration and photosynthesis in three peach cultivars. In II International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops 449 (pp. 529-534).

Arduini, I., Masoni, A., Ercoli, L., & Mariotti, M. 2006. Grain yield, and dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and remobilization in durum wheat as affected by variety and seeding rate. European Journal of Agronomy, 25(4), 309-318.

Awadalla, A., and Morsy, S., 2017. Influence of planting dates and nitrogen fertilization on the performance of quinoa genotypes under Toshka conditions. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy 39(1): 27-40. 10.21608/agro.2017.440.1047

Azarpour, E., Bozorgi, H.R., Moraditochaee, M., 2014. Effects ofascorbic acid foliar spraying and nitrogen fertilizer management in spraying cultivation ofquinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) in North of Iran. Biological Forum – An International Journal. 6(2): 254-260

Basra, S.M.A., Iqbal, S., and Afzal, I., 2014. Evaluating the response of nitrogen application on growth, development and yield of quinoa genotypes. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 16(5): 886-892. http://www.fspublishers.org

Bertero, H.D., De La Vega, A.J., Correa, G., Jacobsen, S.E., and Mujica, A., 2004. Genotype and genotype-by-environment interaction effects for grain yield and grain size of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as revealed by pattern analysis of international multi-environment trials. Field Crops Research 89: 299-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2004.02.006

Bhargava, A., Shukla, S., and Ohri, D., 2006. Chenopodium quinoa-An Indian perspective. Industrial Crops and Products 23: 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.04.002

Bhargava, A., Shukla, S., and Ohri, D., 2007. Genetic variability and interrelationship among various morphological and quality traits in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Field Crops Research 101: 104–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.10.001

Bremner, J.M., and Mulvaney, C.S., 1982. Nitrogen-total. In: A.L. Page (Ed). Methods of soil analysis, part 2, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. pp. 594-622.

Chakraborty, U., Roy, S., Chakraborty, A.P., Dey, P., and Chakraborty, B., 2011. Plant growth promotion and amelioration of salinity stress in crop plants by a salt-tolerant bacterium. Recent Research in Science and Technology 3: 61-70.

Comai, S., Bertazzo, A., Bailoni, L., Zancato, M., Costa, C.V.L., and Allegri, G., 2007. The content of proteic and nonproteic (free and protein bound) tryptophan in quinoa and cereal flours. Food Chemistry Journal. 100: 1350-1355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.10.072

Craswell, E.T., and Godwin, D.C., 1984. The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer applied to cereals in different climates. In: "Advances in plant Nutrition" In: P.B. Tinker and Luchli A. (Eds) Vol. I. Praeger publ. Country.

Erley, G.S.A., Kaul, H., Kruse, M., and Aufhammer, W., 2005. Yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of the pseudocereals amaranth, quinoa, and buckwheat under differing nitrogen fertilization. The European Journal of Agronomy 22: 95–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2003.11.002

FAO, 2011. Quinoa; An Acient Crop to Contribute to World Food. Agricultuer Marketing Resourse Center.Security. 63 p.

Flowers, T.J., and Flowers, S.A., 2005. Why does salinity pose such a different problem for plant breeders? Agricultural Water Management 78: 15-24.

Francois, L.E., Grieve, C.M., Maas, E.V., and Lesch, S.M., 1994. Time of salt stress affects growth and yield components of irrigated wheat. Agronomy Journal 86(1): 100-107. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1994.00021962008600010019x

Gomaa, E.F., 2013. Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and biofertilizers on quinoa plant. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 9(8): 5210-5222.

Gómez‐Pando, L. R., Álvarez‐Castro, R., & Eguiluz‐De La Barra, A. 2010. Effect of salt stress on Peruvian germplasm of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.: a promising crop. Journal of agronomy and crop science, 196(5), 391-396.

Harper, J.E., 1994. Nitrogen Metabolism. In: K.J. Boote J.M. Bennett T.R. Sinclair and Paulsen G.M. (Eds). Physiology and determination of crop yield. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: 285-302 https://doi.org/10.2134/1994.physiologyanddetermination.c19.

Hassan Aghli, A., 2005. Drainage Management from Drainage Systems and Its Reuse in Agriculture, Fourth Drainage and Environment Technical Workshop, Tehran, National Irrigation and Drainage Committee, https://www.civilica.com (In Persian)

Hooshmand, A., and Behdarvandi, H., 2007. Assessing the quality of agricultural drains of Karun agro-industry for reuse in agriculture. The Second National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage Networks Management, Ahvaz, Chamran University, Iran. https://www.civilica.com/Paper-IDNC02-IDNC02_373.html (In Persian)

Hunt, R., 1978. Plant Growth Analysis. The institute of biology’s studies. Edward Arnold, London, UK. 96(37).

Jacobsen, S.E., Liu, F., and Jensen, C.R., 2009. Does root-sourced ABA play a role for regulation of stomata under drought in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). Scientia Horticulturae 122: 281-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.05.019

Jamali, S., Sharifan, H., Hezar Jaribi, A., and Sepahvand, N.A., 2016. Investigation of the effect of different salinity levels on germination and growth indices of two cultivars of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Protection of Water and Soil Resources 6(1): 87-97. (In Persian with English Summary)

Jodi, F., Tobeh, A., Ebadi, A., Mostafaee, H., and Jamaatisamaren, S., 2011. Effect of Nitrogen on yield, yield components, agronomic efficiency and nitrogen on lentil genotypes. Electronic Journal of Plant Production 4(4): 39-50. (In Persian with English Summary)

Kakabouki, I., Bilalis, D., Karkanis, A., Zervas, G., Tsiplakou, E., and Hela, D., 2014. Effects of fertilization and tillage system on growth and crude protein content of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): An alternative forage crop, Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture 26(1): 18-24. DOI:10.9755/ejfa.v26i1.16831

Khanali, M., Yousefinejad, M., Ebrahimi, N., and Dehban, H., 2016. Use of drainage in irrigation of agricultural products. CESET International Conference on Environmental Science, Engineering and Technology, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)

Kholdebarin, B., and Islamzadeh, T., 2003. Mineral Nutrition of Excellent Plants. Shiraz University Press, Iran.570.  (In Persian)

Koyro, H., and Eisa, S., 2008. Effect of salinity on composition, viability and germination of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Plant and Soil 302: 79-90.

Khuzestan Water and Power Authoriy Company Report(Kwpa). 2011. Khuzestan province drainage management studies report. 215. (In Persian)

Lotfollahi, M., 2012. Investigation of changes in wheat grain protein through foliar application of nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Agriculture and Plant Breeding 8(4): 12-6. (In Persian with English Summary)

Long, N.V., 2016. Effects of salinity stress on growth and yield of quinoa. Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences 14(3): 321-27.

Mengel, k., 1992. Nutrition and Metabolism of Plants. Translated by Mohammad Reza Haghparast Tanha. Islamic Azad University of Rasht Publications, Iran. 198 p. (In Persian)

Miranda, M., Vega-Gálvez, A., Martínez, E.A., López, J., Marín, R., Aranda, M., and Fuentes, F., 2013. Influence of contrasting environments on seed composition of two quinoa genotypes: Nutritional and functional properties. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 73(2): 108-116.

Muchow, R.C., 1988. Effect of nitrogen supply on the comparative productivity of maize and sorghum in a semi-arid tropical environment III. Grain yield and nitrogen accumulation. Field Crops Research 18(1): 31-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(88)90056-1

Omar, S.A., Injy, M.M., and Rasha, M.A., 2014. Genetic evaluation of some quinoa genotypes under Ras Suder conditions. Journal of Plant Production, Mansoura University 5(11): 1915-1930.

Peterson, A., and Murphy, K., 2015. Tolerance of lowland quinoa cultivars to sodium chloride and sodium sulfate salinity. Crop Science 55: 331-338.

Prystupa, P., Slafer, G., and Savin, A., 2004. Leaf Appearance, Tillering and their Coordination in Response to N × P Fertilization in Barley. Netherlands: Springer.

Pospisil, A., Pospisil, M., Vaga, B., and Svevnjak, S., 2006. Grain yield and protein concentration of two amaranth species as influenced by nitrogen fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy 25: 250-253. DOI:10.1016/j.eja.2006.06.001

Rajiv, K., and Misra, R.L., 2011. Studies on nitrogen application in combination with phosphorus or potassium on gladiolus cv. Jester Gold. Indian Journal Horticultural 68(4): 535-539.

Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Khorramdel, S., Latifi, H., Farzaneh Belgerdi, M.R., and Davarpanah, S.J., 2021. Optimization of irrigation and nitrogen levels on yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) by using the surface-response methodology. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research Vol. 19(2): 185-199. (In Persian with English Summary)

Rojas, W., Barriga, P., and Figueroa, H., 2003. Multivariate analysis of genetic diversity of Bolivian quinoa germplasm. Food Reviews International 19: 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1081/FRI-120018864

Roggatz, U., Mcdonald, A.J.S., Stadenberg, I., and Schurr, U., 1999. Effects of nitrogen deprivation on cell division and expansion in leaves of Ricinus communis L. Plant Cell Environ 22: 81–89

Sa-Nguansak, T., 2004. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen assimilation and seed quality of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): Doctora Dissertation, Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences of the Facultyof Agricultural Sciences, Georg-August-University of Göttingen from Phayao, Thailand, Göttingen, November.

Shabala, S., Hariadi, Y., and Jacobsen, S.E., 2013. Genotypic difference in salinity tolerance in quinoa is determined by differential control of xylem Na⁺ loading and stomatal density. Journal of Plant Physiology 170(10): 906-914. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.01.014

Shams, A.S., 2010. Combat degradation in rainfed areas by introducing new drought tolerant crops in Egypt. 4^th International Conference on Water Resources and Arid Environments, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 5-8 December, pp. 575-582.

Shams, A.S., 2012. Response of quinoa to nitrogen fertilizer rates under sandy soil conditions, Proc. 13^th International Conference Agriculture., Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University., Egypt, 9-10 September 2012, p. 195-205.

Shoman, H.A., 2018. Effect of sowing dates and nitrogen on productivity of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) at Desert Areas Journal Plant Production, Mansoura Univercity 9(4): 327-332.

Spehar, C.R., and De Barros Santos, R.L., 2005. Agronomic performance of quinoa selected in the Brazilian Savannah. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 40(6): 609-612.

Schulte, A.E.G., Kaul, H.P., Kruse, M., and Aufhammer, W., 2005. Yield and nitrogenutilization efficiency of the pseudo cereals amaranth, quinoa, and buck wheat under differing nitrogen fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy 22(1): 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2003.11.002

Szilagyi, L., and Jornsgard, B., 2014. Preliminary agronomicevaluation of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. under climatic conditions of Romania. Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy., LVII: 339-343.

Talebnejad, R., and Sepaskhah, A.R., 2015. Effect of different saline groundwater depths and irrigation water salinities on yield and water use of quinoa in lysimeter. Agricultural Water Management 148: 177-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.10.005

Thanapornpoonpong, S., 2004. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen assimilation and seed quality of amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd), Doctoral Dissertation, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Chemistry, Georg-August-University of Göttingen.

Thanapornpoonpong, S., Vearasilp, E., Pawelzik, S., and Gorinstein, S., 2008. Influence of various nitrogen applications on protein and amino acid profiles of amaranth and quinoa. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56: 11464–11470. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf802673x

United Statets Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1990. National Water Quality Inventory. Report to Congeres. Washington D.C., EPA. 503/9-92-006.

Wilson, C., Read, J.J., and Abo-Kassem, E., 2002. Effect of mixed-salt salinity on growth and ion relations of a quinoa and a wheat variety. Journal of Plant Nutrition 25(12): 2689-2704. https://doi.org/10.1081/PLN-120015532

Wu, G., Peterson, A.J., Morris, C.F., and Murphy, K.M., 2016. Quinoa Seed Quality Response to Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulfate Salinity. Frontiers in Plant Science 7: 790. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4891947/. (In Persian)

Yazar, A., Incekaya, C., Sezen, S.M., and Jacobsen, S.E., 2015 Saline water irrigation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under Mediterranean conditions. Crop and Pasture Science 66: 993–1002. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP14243

Yazar A., Metin S., Yeşim, S.B., Çiğdem, İ., and Servet, T., 2017. Effect of planting times and saline irrigation of quinoa using drainage water on yield and yield components under the Mediterranean environmental conditions. International Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry 4(8): 8-16.

Zangani, A., Kashani, A., Fathi, G.H., and Meskarbashi, M., 2007. Effect of different nitrogen levels on yield andyield components of two cultivars of rapeseed quantity and quality in Ahwaz. Journal of Agriculture Sciences 39-45. (In Persian with English Summary)

Zhao, D., Reddy, K.R., Kakani, V.G., Read, J.J., and Koti, S., 2005. Selection of optimum reflectance ratios for estimating leaf nitrogen and chlorophyll concentrations of field-grown cotton. Agronomy Journal 97: 89–98. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2005.0089