Investigating the Effect of Increasing Nano Cellulose to Diesel Fuel on Emission and Performance of Internal Combustion Engine

ماشین های کشاورزی

Article 9, Volume 12, Issue 4 - Serial Number 26, December 2022, Pages 575-585   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jam.2021.70608.1042

Authors

A. Waismoradi¹; M. E. Khorasani^{* 2}; H. Bahrami²; S. M. Safieddin Ardebili²; H. Zaki Dizaji²

¹PhD Student of Agricultural Mechanization, Department of Biosystem Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and Member of PNU, Tehran, Iran

²Department of Biosystems Engineering, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Today, the number of diesel engines is increasing due to their high efficiency and low greenhouse gases. In the present study, the effect of adding nano cellulose as nanoparticles to diesel fuel on the performance parameters and emissions of diesel engine was investigated. Nano cellulose was provided by the Nano Novin Company in Sari. Nano cellulose values were considered at 3 levels of zero, 25 ppm and 75 ppm. Also, the tests were performed at 3 engine speed of 1600, 2000 and 2400 rpm in full load mode.
Materials and Methods
In this study, nanocellulose was used as nanoparticles to add to diesel and to evaluate the performance and emission parameters of the engine. To prevent the deposition of nano cellulose in diesel fuel, jelly type nano cellulose was used. The samples were named after adding different amounts of nano cellulose, abbreviated D100N0, D100N25 and D100N75. D100 means 100% pure diesel and N means different amounts of nano cellulose with different amounts. Ultrasound was used to obtain homogeneous samples. About 3 liters were prepared from each sample so that it could be used for at least 3 repetitions. The required tests were performed at three different speeds of 1600, 2000 and 2400 rpm in full load mode. The necessary equipment was used to measure the performance parameters and air emissions, including diesel engine connected to the dynamometer, emissions measuring device, fuel system and control room (to apply the load and provide conditions for each treatment and data collection). The air-cooled, four-stroke, compression-ignition single-cylinder engine made by the Italian company Lombardini was used. The D400 eddy current dynamometer made in Germany was used. The ability to measure power by this dynamometer is a maximum of 21 hp, a maximum speed of 10,000 rpm and a maximum torque of 80 N.m. To measure of emissions, the MAHA MGT5 emissions meter was used. This device is able to measure the values of CO, CO₂, NO_X, O₂ and UHC.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that increasing engine speed in all fuel combinations increased engine power, specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons and decreased torque. Also, increasing the amount of nano cellulose per engine speed increased the amount of power and torque, but reduced the specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. The amount of NO_X increased with increasing engine speed, but at each engine speed the addition of 25 ppm nanocellulose to pure diesel significantly increased the amount of NO_X. But at low speed, increasing 75 ppm nanocellulose to pure diesel reduced the amount of NO_X.
Conclusion
The results of this study showed that the addition of nano cellulose as nanoparticles can improve the performance of diesel engines and also reduce the amount of emissions gases emitted from the engine. The results also showed that increasing 25ppm nanocellulose had a greater effect on engine performance. But to reduce the amount of emissions, 75 ppm nanocellulose was better.

Keywords

Diesel engine; Nanocellulose; Nitrogen oxides; Power

References

1. Arul Mozhi Selvan, V., Anand, R. B., & Udayakumar, M. (2014). Effect of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes as fuel-borne additives in Diesterol blends on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine. Fuel, 130, 160-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.04.034
2. Chandrasekaran, V., Arthanarisamy, M., Nachiappan, P., Dhanakotti, S., & Moorthy, B. (2016). The role of nano additives for biodiesel and diesel blended transportation fuels. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 46, 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.03.015
3. Devaraj, A., Arul Prakasajothi, M., & Rajesh, D. A. P. (2017). Review of Nanocatalyst as Additive Fuel in Diesel Engine. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 10(1), 270-274.
4. Devi, V. R. (2018). Experimental Investigations on CI Diesel Engine With Varied Combustion Chamber Designs (HCC and SDCC) Using Neem Biodiesel and Calcium Carbonate (Caco3) Nano Fluid Additive. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 5(3), 2167-2172.
5. Foster, E., Contestabile, M., Blazquez, J., Manzano, B., Workman, M., & Shah, N. (2017). The unstudied barriers to widespread renewable energy deployment: Fossil fuel price responses. Energy Policy, 103, 258-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.12.050
6. Geng, P., Cao, E., Tan, Q., & Wei, L. (2017). Effects of alternative fuels on the combustion characteristics and emission products from diesel engines: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71, 523-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.080
7. Ghafoori, M., Ghobadian, B., Najafi, G., Layeghi, M., Rashidi, A., & Mamat, R. (2015). Effect of nano-particles on the performance and emission of a diesel engine using biodiesel-diesel blend. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, 12, 3097-3108. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.12.2015.23.0258
8. Heidari-Maleni, A., Gundoshmian, T. M., Karimi, B., Jahanbakhshi, A., & Ghobadian, B. (2020). A novel fuel based on biocompatible nanoparticles and ethanol-biodiesel blends to improve diesel engines performance and reduce exhaust emissions. Fuel, 276, 118079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118079
9. Hoseini, S., Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Yusaf, T. F., & Ebadi, M.-T. (2018). The Effects of Camelina “Soheil” as a Novel Biodiesel Fuel on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel Engine. Applied Sciences, 8, 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8061010
10. Hoseini, S. S., Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Ebadi, M. T., Mamat, R., & Yusaf, T. (2020). Biodiesels from three feedstock: The effect of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles diesel engine parameters fuelled with biodiesel. Renewable Energy, 145, 190-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.06.020
11. Hosseini, S. H., Taghizadehalisaraei, A., Ghobadian, B., & Abbaszadeh mayvan, A. (2017). Modeling the effects of carbon nanotubes added to diesel-biodiesel fuel blends on performance and emissions of a diesel engine using artificial neural network. Fuel and Combustion, 10(2 #A00254), 1-16.
12. Joshua, M, & Gowdham, D. (2016). Emission characteristics of cerium oxide nanoparticle blended emulsified biodiesel. International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 155-158.
13. Klemm, D., Kramer, F., Moritz, S., Lindström, T., Ankerfors, M., Gray, D., & Dorris, A. (2011). Nanocelluloses: A New Family of Nature-Based Materials. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English), 50, 5438-5466. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201001273
14. Kord, B., & Roohani, M. (2016). Thermal properties and fire behavior of PLA nanocomposite films. Journal of Wood and Forest Science and Technology, 23(supplement 2), 185-201.
15. Lima, M., & Borsali, R. (2004). Rodlike Cellulose Microcrystals: Structure, Properties, and Applications. Macromolecular Rapid Communications, 25, 771-787. https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.200300268
16. Meng, M., & Niu, D. (2011). Modeling CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel combustion using the logistic equation. Energy, 36(5), 3355-3359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.032
17. Mirbagheri, S. A., Safieddin Ardebili, S. M., & Kiani Deh Kiani, M. (2020). Modeling of the engine performance and exhaust emissions characteristics of a single-cylinder diesel using nano-biochar added into ethanol-biodiesel-diesel blends. Fuel, 278, 118238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118238
18. Mirzajanzadeh, M., Tabatabaei, M., Ardjmand, M., Rashidi, A., Ghobadian, B., Barkhi, M., & Pazouki, M. (2015). A novel soluble nano-catalysts in diesel–biodiesel fuel blends to improve diesel engines performance and reduce exhaust emissions. Fuel, 139, 374-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.008
19. Naik, J. V., & Kumar, K. K. (2018). Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines with Al₂O₃ and CuO nanoparticles as additives. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 791-798.
20. Nair, J. N., Kaviti, A. K., & Daram, A. K. (2017). Analysis of performance and emission on compression ignition engine fuelled with blends of Neem biodiesel. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26(4), 927-931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.09.005
21. Ojala, J., Sirviö, J. A., & Liimatainen, H. (2016). Nanoparticle emulsifiers based on bifunctionalized cellulose nanocrystals as marine diesel oil–water emulsion stabilizers. Chemical Engineering Journal, 288, 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.113
22. Prasada Rao, K., Victor Babu, T., Anuradha, G., & Appa Rao, B. V. (2017). IDI diesel engine performance and exhaust emission analysis using biodiesel with an artificial neural network (ANN). Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26(3), 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.08.006
23. Ramesh, D. K., Dhananjaya Kumar, J. L., Hemanth Kumar, S. G., Namith, V., Basappa Jambagi, P., & Sharath, S. (2018). Study on effects of Alumina nanoparticles as additive with Poultry litter biodiesel on Performance, Combustion and Emission characteristic of Diesel engine. Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(1), 1114-1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2017.11.190
24. Sayin, C. (2010). Engine performance and exhaust gas emissions of methanol and ethanol–diesel blends. Fuel, 89(11), 3410-3415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.02.017
25. Singh, G., & Sharma, S. G. (2015). Effects of cerium oxide on the performance and emission characteristic of variable compression ratio ignition engine using Biodiesel from waste mustard oil. Thapar University, Patiala. India.
26. Tan, P.-Q., Hu, Z.-Y., & Lou, D.-M. (2009). Regulated and unregulated emissions from a light-duty diesel engine with different sulfur content fuels. Fuel, 88(6), 1086-1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.11.031