زمین شیمی عناصر کمیاب در افق فسفریتی کمربند زاگرس: رهیافتی نو بر نهشت و زایش

زمین شناسی اقتصادی

دوره 13، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 29، 1400، صفحه 353-386   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/econg.v13i2.88181

نویسندگان

علیرضا زراسوندی^* ؛ زهرا فریدونی؛ بهرام علیزاده؛ بهمن سلیمانی

گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم‌زمین، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

چکیده

افق فسفریتی زاگرس به سن ائوسن-الیگوسن، به میزبانی سازند پابده، در کمربند زاگرس چین­ خورده با روند شمال­ غرب -جنوب­ شرق واقع است. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی زمین­ شیمی عناصر­کمیاب برای پایش شرایط نهشت و زایش این عناصر در افق فسفریتی زاگرس است. طبق بررسی‌های میکروسکوپی، اجزای فسفاته و غیرفسفاته اغلب شامل پلت، اائید، اینتراکلاست و باقی‌مانده خرده‌های استخوان ­ماهی، میکروفسیل ­ها، گلوکونیت، کلسیت، پیریت، اکسید آهن و کوارتز است. شیل بیتومینه در توالی چینه‌شناسی، حضور پیریت ­های فرامبوئیدال فراوان، الگوی پراکنش REE نرمالیز‌شده به PAAS، آنومالی منفی Ce تمامی نمونه ­ها، آنومالی مثبت  Euدر همه نمونه ­های مورد بررسی به جز نمونه شیل بیتومینه فسفریت کوه­ ریش، نسبت­ Ni/Co و همچنین نمودار (V+Ni)­V/ در برابر Ni/Co، همگی نشان‌دهنده تغییر شرایط از اکسیدی در زمان نهشت فسفات تا نیمه احیایی-احیایی در اثر تخریب و تجزیه ترکیبات ­آلی توسط میکروارگانیسم ­ها و فراهم ­شدن شرایط ورود عناصر کمیاب از جمله اورانیوم به ساختار بلوری آپاتیت، در حوضه زاگرس هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عناصر کمیاب؛ زمین شیمی؛ افق فسفریتی؛ کمربند زاگرس

مراجع

Abed, A.M., 2011. Review of Uranium in the Jordanian Phosphorites: Distribution, Genesis and Industry. Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 4(2): 35–45.  Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288959316

Abed, A.M., 2013. The eastern Mediterranean phosphorite giants: an interplay between tectonics and upwelling. GeoArabia, 18(2): 67–94. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285695505

Abed, A.M., Jaber, O., Alkuisi, M. and Sadaqah, R., 2016. Rare earth elements and uranium geochemistry in the Al-Kora phosphorite province, Late Cretaceous, northwestern Jordan. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(3): 187–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2135-6

Alavi, M., 2007. Structure of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt in Iran. American Journal of Sciences, 307(9):1064–1095. https://doi.org/10.2475/09.2007.02

Al-Bassam, K.S., 1990. The Akashat phosphate deposits, Iraq. In: A.J. Notholt, R.P. Sheldon and D.F. Davidson (Editors), Phosphate Deposits of the World, Phosphate Rock Resources. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, pp. 316–322.  Retrieved October 3, 2020  from https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=6729694

Altschuler, Z.‌S., 1980. The Geochemistry of Trace Elements in Marine Phosphorites Part I. Characteristic Abundances and Enrichment. In: Y.K. Bentor (Editor), Marine Phosphorites-Geochemistry, Occurrence, Genesis. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, Reston, pp. 19–30. https://doi.org/10.2110/pec.80.29.0019

Arning, E.T., Luckge, A., Breuer, C., Gussone, N., Birgel, D. and peckmann, J., 2009. Genesis of Phosphorite Crusts off Peru. Marine Geology, 262(1–4): 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.03.006

Avini, M., 1988. Preliminary report of economic technical Studies of Kuh-Rish phosphate deposit (North Behbahan). Ministry of Industry, Mines and Trade, Tehran, 27 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Awadalla, G.S., 2010. Geochemistry and microprobe investigations of Abu Tartur REE-bearing phosphorite, Western Desert, Egypt. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 57(5): 431–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2009.11.009

Baioumy, H., 2011. Rare earth elements and sulfur and strontium isotopes of upper Cretaceous phosphorites in Egypt. Cretaceous Research, 32(3): 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2011.01.008

Baturin, G.N. and Kochenov, A.V., 2001. Uranium in phosphorites. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 36(4): 303–321. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1010406103447

Bech, J., Suarez, M., Reverter, F., Tume, P., Sánchez, P., Roca, N. and Lansac, A., 2010. Selenium and other trace element in phosphorites: A comparison between those of the Bayovar-Sechura and other provenances. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 107(2): 146–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2010.04.002

Bishady, A.M., Farag, N.M., Mira, H.I., Elsawey, E.S.H. and Negm, S.H., 2019. A Contribution to the geochemistry of El-sibaiya phosphorite, Nile Valley, Egypt. Nuclear Sciences Scientific Journal, 8(1): 39–58. https://doi.org/0.21608/nssj.2019.29945

Boggs, S., 2009. Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Cambridge University Press, England, 600 pp. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281604561

Bonnot-Courtois, C. and Fleoteaux, R., 1989. Distribution of Rare-Earth and some trace elements in Tertiary phosphorites from the Senegal Basin and their weathering products. Chemical Geology, 75(4): 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(89)90004-1

Brew, G., Barazangi, M., Al-Maleh, A.K. and Sawaf, T., 2001. Tectonics and geologic evolution of Syria. Geoarabia, 6(4): 573–616. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geoarabia/article/6/4/573/566764/

Chen, D., Qing, H., Yan, X. and Li, H., 2006. Hydrothermal venting and basin evolution (Devonian, South China): constraints from rare earth element geochemistry of chert. Sedimentary Geology, 183(3–4): 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.020

Cheshmehsari, M., 2012. The mineralogical and geochemical features of Dalir phosphate index (SW of Chalous – Mazandaran province). M.Sc. Thesis, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, 91 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Damiri, K., 2011. Geology, Geochemistry and Genesis of the Phosphate Occurrences in the Pabdeh Formation, southwestern Iran. M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran, 146 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Emsbo, P., Patrick, I., McLaughlin, P.I., Breit, G.N., Du Bray, E.A. and Koenig, A.E., 2015. Rare earth elements in sedimentary phosphate deposits: solution to the global REE crisis? Gondwana Research. 27(2): 776–785.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.10.008

Fazio, A.M., Scasso, R.A., Castro, L.N. and Carey, S., 2007. Geochemistry of rare earth elements in early- diagenetic Miocene phosphatic concretions of Patagonia, Argentina: Phosphogenetic implications. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54(11–13): 1414–1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.04.013

Fereydouni, Z., 2016. Investigating distribution and behavior of Rare Earth Elements and Uranium in the Kuh-e-sefid phosphate ore deposit, Ramhormoz, Khuzestan. M.Sc. Thesis, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran, 222 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Gabar, A.E., Arabi, M.E. and Khalifa, I.H., 2002. Application of multivariate statistical analyses in the interpretation of geochemical behaviour of uranium in phosphatic rocks in the Red Sea, Nile Valley and Western Desert, Egypt. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 61(2): 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(01)00124-2

Glenn, C.R. and ArThur, M.A., 1988. Petrology and major element geochemistry of Peru margin phosphorites and associated diagenetic minerals: Authigenesis in modern organic-rich sediments. Marine Geology, 80, 231–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(88)90092-8

Halalat, H. and Bolourchi, M., 1994. Geology of Iran: Phosphate. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 362 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Hiatt, E.E., Pufahl, P.K. and Edwards, C.T., 2015. Sedimentary phosphate and associated fossil bacteria in a Paleoproterozoic tidal flat in the 1.85 Ga Michigamme Formation, Michigan, USA. Sedimentary Geology, 319: 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2015.01.006

Huang, J.H., Huang, F., Evans, L. and Glasauer, S., 2015. Vanadium: Global (bio) geochemistry. Chemical Geology, 417: 68–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2015.09.019

Huerta-Diaz, M.A. and Morse, J.W., 1992. Pyritization of trace metals in anoxic marine sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56(7): 2681–2702. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90353-K

Ilyin, A.V., 1998. Rare-earth geochemistry of ‘old’ phosphorites and probability of syngenetic precipitation and accumulation of phosphate. Chemical Geology, 144(3–4): 243–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(97)00134-4

Imamoglu, S.M., Nathan, Y., Hakan, C., Soudry, D. and Glenn, C., 2009. Geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic signatures of the Semikan, West Kasrık “Turkish” phosphorites from the Derik–Mazıdagı–Mardin area, SE Anatolia. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 98(7): 1679–1690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0332-1

Jarvis, I., 1980. Geochemistry of phosphatic chalks and hardgrounds from the Santonian to early Campanian (Cretaceous) of northern France. Journal of the Geological Society, 137(6): 705–721. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.137.6.0705

Jarvis, I., 1992. Sedimentology, geochemistry and origin of phosphate chalks. the upper cretaceous deposits of NW Europe. Sedimentology 39(1): 55–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1992.tb01023.x

Jiang, S.Y., Zhao, H.X., Chen, Y.Q., Yang, T., Yang, J.H. and Ling, H.F., 2007. Trace and rare earth element geochemistry of phosphate nodules from the lower Cambrian black shale sequence in the Mufu Mountain of Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China. Chemical Geology, 244(3–4): 584–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.07.010

Jones, B. and Manning, D.C., 1994. Comparison of geochemical indices used for the interpretation of paleo-redox conditions in Ancient mudstones. Chemical Geology, 111(1–4): 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90085-X

Kechiched, R., Laouar, R., Bruguier, O., Kocsis, L., Salmi-Laouar, S., Bosch, D., Ameur-Zaimeche, O., Foufou, A. and Larit, H., 2020. Comprehensive REE+ Y and sensitive redox trace elements of Algerian phosphorites (Tébessa, eastern Algeria): A geochemical study and depositional environments tracking. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 208: 106–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.106396

Khan, K.F., Dar, Sh.A. and Khan, S.A., 2012. Rare earth element (REE) geochemistry of phosphorites of the Sonrai area of Paleoproterozoic Bijawar basin, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Rare Earths, 30(5): 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(12)60081-7

Khirekesh, Z., 2016. Mineralogy and Geochemistry of phosphate rock in Firuzkuh region. M.Sc. Thesis, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran, 78 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Kidder, D., Krishnaswamy, R. and Mapes, R.H., 2003. Elemental mobility in phosphatic shales during concretion growth and implication for provenance analysis. Chemical Geology, 198(3–4): 335–353.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00036-6

Matter, W.S.A., 1996. Geology of the early paleogene phosphorite deposits of Northwestern Saudi Arabia. Ph.D. Thesis, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, 380 pp.

McClellan, G.H., 1980, Mineralogy of carbonate-fluorapatite. Journal of the Geological Society, London. 137(6): 675–681. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.137.6.0675

Morford, J.L. and Emerson, S., 1999. The geochemistry of redox sensitive trace metals in sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(11–12): 1735–1750.  https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00126-X

Okubo, J., Muscente, A.D., Luvizotto, G.L., Uhlein, G.J. and Warren, L.V., 2018. Phosphogenesis, aragonite fan formation and seafloor environments following the Marinoan glaciation. Precambrian Research, 311: 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.04.002

Pasero, M., Kampf, A.R., Ferraris, C., Pekov, I.V., Rakova, J. and White, T., 2010. Nomenclature of apatite supergroup minerals. European Journal of Mineralogy, 22(2): 163–179. https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2010/0022-2022

Pourmad, A., Dauphas, N. and Ireland, T.J., 2012. A novel extraction chromatography and MC-ICP-MS technique for rapid analysis of REE, Sc and Y: Revising CI-chondrite and Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) abundances. Chemical Geology, 291: 38–54.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.08.011

Rajabzadeh, M.A., Hoseini, K. and Moosavinasab, Z., 2014. Mineralogical and geochemical studies on apatites and phosphate host rocks of Esfordi deposit, Yazd province, to determine the origin and geological setting of the apatite. Journal of Economic Geology, 6(2): 331–353. (in Persian with English abstract)

Rakovan, J., Reeder, R.J., Elzinga, E.J., Cherniak, D., Tait, C.D. and Morris, D.E., 2002. Characterization of U(VI) in the apatite structure by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Environmental Science & Technology, 36(14): 3114–3117. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es015874f

Reynard, B., Lecuyer, C. and Grandjean, P., 1999. Crystal-chemical controls on Rare earth element concentrations in fossil biogenic apatites an implication for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Chemical Geology, 155(3–4): 233–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00169-7

Rimmer, S.M., 2004. Geochemical paleoredox indicators in the Devonian– Mississippian black shales, central Appalachian Basin (USA). Chemical Geology. 206(3–4): 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.029

Robertson, A.H.F. and Dixon J.E., 1984. Introduction: aspects of the geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. In: J.E. Dixon and A.H. Robertson (Editors), The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society, London, pp. 1–74. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.02

Sharland, P.R., Casey, D.M., Davies, R.B., Simmons, M.D. and Sutcliffe, O.E., 2004. Arabian plate sequence stratigraphy–revisions to SP2. GeoArabia, 9(1): 199–214. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geoarabia/article/9/1/199/566966

Shi, C.H. and Hu, R.Z., 2005. REE geochemistry of Early Cambrian phosphorites from Gezhongwu Formation at Zhijin, Guizhou Province, China. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 24(2): 166–172. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02841161

Silva, E.F.D., Mlayahb, A., Gomesa, C., Noronhac, F., Charefb, A., Sequeiraa, C., Estevesd, V. and Marquesd, A.R.F., 2010. Heavy elements in the phosphorite from Kalaat Khasba mine (North-western Tunisia): Potential implications on the environment and human health. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 182(1–3): 232–245.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.020

Slansky, M., 1979. Geology of Sedimentary Phosphates. North Oxford Academic, United Kingdom, 210 pp. Retrieved October 3, 2020  from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236431754

Soudry, D., Ehrlich, S., Yoffe, O. and Nathan, Y., 2002. Uranium oxidation state and related variations in geochemistry of phosphorites from the Negev (southern Israel). Chemical Geology, 189(3–4): 213–230. . https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00144-4

Soudry, D., Glenn, C.R., Nathan, Y., Segal, I. and VonderHaar, D., 2006. Evolution of Tethyan phosphogenesis along the northern edges of the Arabian–African shield during the Cretaceous–Eocene as deduced from temporal variations of Ca and Nd isotopes and rates of P accumulation. Earth-Science Reviews, 78(1–2): 27–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.03.005

Taylor, S.R. and McLennan, S.M., 1985. Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 311 pp. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313050953

Tzifas, I.Tr., Goldelitsas, A., Magganas, A., Anderoulakaki, E., Eleftheriond, G., Mertzimckis, T.J. and Perraki, M., 2014. Uranium-bearing phosphatized limestone of new Greece. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 143: 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.03.009

Varol, B., 1989. Sedimentray Petrography and Origin of Phosphate Peloids of the Mazıdağ-Derik Area (Mardin, Southeast Turkey). Maden Tetkik ve Arama Dergisi, 109(109): 65–73. Retrieved October 3, 2020 from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/bulletinofmre/issue/3928/52267

Veeh, H.H., Calvert, S.E. and Price, N.B., 1974. Accumulation of uranium in sediments and phosphorites on the South West African shelf. Marine Chemistry, 2(3): 189–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(74)90014-0

Voyseh, S., 2017. The prospecting report of rare earth elements in the sedimentary phosphate horizons of Iran. Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration of Iran, Tehran, 218 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371

Wright, J., Schrader, H. and Holser, W.T., 1987. Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare earth elements in fossil apatite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51(3): 631–644.  https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(87)90075-5

Yang, H., Xiao, J., Xia, Y., Xie, Z., Tan, Q., Xu, J., Guo, H., He, S. and Wu, S., 2019. Origin of the Ediacaran Weng'an and Kaiyang phosphorite deposits in the Nanhua basin, SW China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 182: 103–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.103931

Ye, Y., Wang, H., Wang, X., Zhai, L., Wu, C. and Zhang, S., 2020. Elemental geochemistry of lower Cambrian phosphate nodules in Guizhou Province, South China: An integrated study by LA-ICP-MS mapping and solution ICP-MS. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 538: 109–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109459

Zarasvandi, A., Fereydouni, Z., Pourkaseb, H., Sadeghi, M., Mokhtari, B. and Alizadeh, B., 2019. Geochemistry of trace elements and their relations with organic matter in Kuh-e-Sefid phosphorite mineralization, Zagros Mountain, Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 104: 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.10.013