- Bodo Slotta T.A., Foley M., Chao S.H., Hufbaue R.A., and Horvath D.P. 2010. Assessing genetic diversity of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) in North America with microsatellites. Weed Science 58: 387-394.
- Bodo Slotta T.A., Horvath D.P., and Foley M.E. 2006. Relationships of weedy and native thistles (Cirsium) in the Northern Great Plains. – Weed Science Society of America.
- Bodo Slotta T.A., and Horvath D.P. 2005. Development of poly-morphic markers for Cirsium arvense, Canada thistle, and their amplification in closely related taxa. Molecular Ecology Notes 5: 917-919.
- Cardina J., and Brecke B.J. 1989. Growth and development of Florida beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum) selections. Weed Science 37: 207–210.
- Donald W.W. 2000. A degree-day model of Cirsium arvense shoot emergence from adventitious root buds in spring. Weed Science 48: 333-341.
- Ghersa C.M., Satorre E.H., Van ESSO M.L., Pataro A., and Elizagaray, R. 1990. The use of thermal calendar models to improve the efficiency of herbicide applications in Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. Weed Research 30: 153–60.
- Goodwin M.S., Morrison I.N., and Thomas A.G. 1986. A weed survey of pedigreed alfalfa seed fields in Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66: 413–416.
- Hakansson S. 2003. Weeds and weed management in arable land: An ecological approach. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK. 274 pp.
- Hodgson J.M. 1968a. The nature, ecology and control of Canada thistle. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 1386. 32 pp.
- Hodgson J.M. 1968b. Canada thistle and its control. U.S. Dep. Agric. Leaf. No. 523. 8 pp.
- Holshouser D.L., Chandler J.M., and Wu H.I. 1996. Temperature-dependent model for non-dormant seed germination and rhizome bud break of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense). Weed Science 44: 257–265.
- Holt J.S., and Orcutt D.R. 1996. Temperature thresholds for bud sprouting in perennial weeds and seed germination in cotton. Weed Science 44: 523–533.
- Hossain A.M., Akamine H., Nakamura Yukioishimine I., and Kuramochi H. 2001. Influence of temperature levels and planting time on the sprouting of rhizome-bud and biomass production of torpedo grass (Panicum repens) in Okinawa Island, southern Japan. Weed Biology and Management 1: 164–169.
- Huang W.Z., Hsiao A.I., and Jordan L. 1987. Effects of temperature, light and certain growth regulating substances on sprouting, rooting and growth of single-node rhizome and shoot segments of Paspalum distichum Weed Research 27: 57-67.
- Hubner R., Fykse H., Hurle K., and Klemsdal S.S. 2003. Morphological differences, molecular characterization, and herbicide sensitivity of catchweed bedstraw (Galium aparine) population. Weed Science 51: 214-225.
- Hunter J.H., and Smith L.W. 1972. Environment and herbicide effects on Canada thistle ecotypes. Weed Science 20: 163-167.
- Hutman H., Kester D., and Davis F. 1990. Plant propagation, principle and practices, Prentice Hall Imitational Edition. 647 p.
- Kawabata O., and Nishimoto R.K. 2003.Temperature and rhizome chain effect on sprouting of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) ecotypes. Weed Science 51: 348–355.
- Klingaman T.E., and Oliver L.R. 1996. Existence of ecotypes among populations of entireleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea integriuscula). Weed Science 44: 540–544.
- Krueger-Mangold J., Sheley R.L., and Roos B.D. 2002. Maintaining plant community diversity in a waterfowl production area by controlling Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) using glyphosate. Weed Technology 16: 457-463.
- Kurokawa S., Shimizu N., Uozumi S., and Yoshimura Y. 2003. Intraspecific variation in morphological characteristics and growth habit of newly and accidentally introduced velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) into Japan. Weed Biology and Management 3: 28–36.
- Li B., Shibuya T., Yogo Y., and Hara T. 2000. Effects of temperature on bud-sprouting and early growth of Cyperus esculentus in the dark. Journal of Plant Research 113:19–27.
- Link A.J., and Kommedahl T. 1958. Canada thistle - spotlight on a troublesome weed. Minnesota Farm and Home Science 15: 2l-22.
- Lym R.G., and Duncan C. 2005. Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. pp 69-83. In C.A. Duncan, and J.K. Clark (eds.) Invasive Plants of Range and Wild lands and their Environmental, Economic and Societal Impacts. Weed Science Society of America, Allen Press.
- Maxwell B.D., Lehnhoff E.A., and Rew L.J. 2009. The rationale for monitoring invasive plant populations as a crucial step for management. Invasive Plant Science Managment 2: 1-9.
- Moore R.J. 1975. The biology of Canadian weeds. 13. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 55: 1033-1048.
- Morishita D.W. 1999. Canada thistle. Pages 162–174. In R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, (eds.). Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University.
- Nadeau L.B., and Vanden Born W.H. 1989. The root system of Canada thistle. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 69: 1199–1206.
- Nezamabadi N., Rahimian mashhadi H., Zand E., and Alizadeh H.M. 2006. Investigation of some ecophysiological aspects of Iicorice Glycyrrhiza glabra. Pest and Diseases Plant 74: 45-61.
- Nilsen E.T., and Orcutt D.M. 1996. Physiology of Plants under Stress: Abiotic Factors. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
- Norris R.F. 1996. Morphological and phenological variation in barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) in California. Weed Science 44: 804–814.
- Ransom C.V., Kelis J.J., Was, L.M., and Orfanedes M.S. 1998. Morphological variation among hemp dogbane (Apocynum cannabinum) populations. Weed Science 46: 71-75.
- Rechynger K.H. 1979. Cirsium Pages 231–280. In K.H. Rech´ynger, (ed.). Flora Iranica, Tomus 139a. Compositae III—Cynareae. Graz, Austria: Akademishe Druck-und-Verlansanstalt.
- Riesinger P., and Hyvönen T. 2006. Impact of management on weed species composition in organically cropped spring cereals. Biological Agricultural Horticulture 24: 257–274.
- Rew L.J., Lehnhoff E.A., and Maxwell B.D. 2007. Nonindigenous species management using a population prioritization framework. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87: 1029-
- Saidak W.J., and Marriage P.B. 1976. Response of Canada thistle varieties to amitrole and glyphosate. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 56: 211-214.
- Salonen J., Hyvönen T., and Jalli H. 2001. Weed flora in organically grown spring cereals in Finland. Agricultural and Food Science in Finland 10: 231–242.
- Satorre E.H., Ghersa C.M.G., and Pataro A.M. 1985. Prediction of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. rhizome sprout emergence in relation to air temperature. Weed Research 25: 103-109.
- Satorre E.H., Rirro F.A., and Arias S.P. 1996. The effect of temperature on sprouting and early establishment of Cynodon dactylon. Weed Research 36: 431-440
- Seif E., Sheidai M., Norouzi M., and Noormohammadi Z. 2012. Biosystematic studies of Cirsium arvense populations in Iran. Phytologia Balcanica 18: 305–314.
- Skinner K., Smith L., and Rice P. 2000. Using noxious weed lists to prioritize targets for developing weed management strategies. Weed Science 48: 640–644.
- Sole M., Durka W., Eber S., and Brandl R. 2004. Genotypic and genetic diversity of the common weed Cirsium arvense (Asteraceae). International Journal of Plant Science 165: 437–444.
- Spencer D.F., and Ksander G.G. 2006. Estimating Arundo donax ramet recruitment using degree-day based equations. Aquatic Botany 85: 282–288.
- Thomas A.G., Frick, B.L., and Hall L.M. 1998. Alberta Weed Survey of Cereal and Oilseed Crops in 1997. Saskatoon, SK, Canada: Agriculture Canada, Weed Survey Series Publ. 98-2. 283 p.
- Tiley G.E.D. 2010. Biological flora of the British Isles: Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Journal of Ecology 98: 938–983.
- Townsend C.R., Begon M., and Harper J.L. 2003. Essentials of ecology, 2nd edn. Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Malden, USA.
- Travlos I.S., Economou G., Kotoulas V.E., Kanatas P.J., Kontogeorgos A.N., and Karamanos A. 2009. Potential effects of diurnally alternating temperatures and solarization on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) tuber sprouting. Journal of Arid Environment 73: 22–25.
- Van Driesche R.G., Blossey B., Hoddle M., Lyon S., and Reardon R. 2002. Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States. Morgantown, WV: USDA Forest Service, FHTET-2002-04.
- Wassom J.J., Tranel P.J., Wax L.M. 2002. Variation among U.S. accessions of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium). Weed Technology 16: 171–179.
- White D.E. 1979. Physiological Adaptations in Two Ecotypes of Canada Thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) M.S. Thesis, Univ. California, Davis, CA. 69 p.
- Zouhar K. 2001. Cirsium arvense. – In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ (accessed February 2012).
|