Introduction Guar (cluster bean) Cyamopsis Tetragonaloba is one year plant belongs to the leguminous family. Guar has high nutritional value for humans. Global demand for guar has increased dramatically in recent years, which has led to the introduction of the plant in several countries. Water stress is the most important factor limiting planting and reducing food crops, especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Therefore, identification of resistant plants and mechanisms that lead to optimal water use and high crop yields are critical. Given the limited water resources in the country, the evaluation of guar stands under drought stress is of particular importance. Materials and Methods The experiment was carried out at the Research Farm of Iranshahr Agricultural and Natural Resources Faculty in 2017-18. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three levels of irrigation interval (7, 5, and 9 days) and six guar stands (Sarbaz, Saravan, Iranshahr, RGC1033, Indian, and Grembit) were considered as main and sub-factors, respectively. After planting in the 5-leaf stage, the stress operation began and continued until the seeds were harvested. At the end of the growing season, samples were transferred to the laboratory and shoot length and root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot, fresh and dry root weight, number of branches, 100 seed weight were measured. Leaf chlorophyll index was measured using Spad 502 Minolta chlorophyll meter. The chlorophyll fluorescence was measured using a Handy-PEA portable fluorometer (Hansatech Instruments). Finally, statistical analysis was performed using SAS software and mean comparisons were made using the LSD test at 5% probability level. Results and Discussion Increasing irrigation intervals significantly decreased plant height in Sarbaz and Saravan. The results showed that at 9-day irrigation period, the highest plant height (77.5 cm) was related to RGC1033 which did not show any significant difference with Saravan. The lowest plant height (42.03cm) was related to Sarbaz ecotype. Results showed that the 9-day irrigation interval increased root length in RGC1033, Iranshahr and Sarbaz and significantly reduced root length in Indian ecotype. The results showed that in 9-day irrigation period the number of branches in Iranshahr and Grambit decreased but increased in Saravan and RGC1033 genotypes. While the irrigation interval had no effect on Sarbaz ecotype. Most of the branches were 5.7 in RGC1033 ecotype. The Indian ecotype lacked a branch at all irrigation intervals. At 9-day irrigation period, Saravan and Iranshahr had the highest leaf dry weight. In Iranshahr and RGC1033 genotype, fresh and dry weight increased. Increasing irrigation interval resulted in a significant decrease in the dry weight of Indian root. The irrigation period had no significant effect on Saravan and Grambit ecotypes. Increasing irrigation intervals did not have a significant effect on the Sarbaz, Grambit, and Indians. With increasing irrigation intervals in RGC1033, Saravan and Iranshahr dry weights increased. The simple effect of ecotype type on seed weight showed that Saravan, Indian, and Iranshahr had the highest seed weight, respectively. Whereas, the SG, RGC1033, and Grambit had the lowest seed weight without any significant differences together. Saravan ecotype at all irrigation levels showed more biological function than other ecotypes. Results showed that the harvest index decreased with increasing irrigation intervals. In the 5-day irrigation treatment, the Grambit and Saravan ecotypes had the highest and the lowest harvest index, respectively. The 9-day irrigation period significantly reduced Fv/Fm in Sarbaz, Grambit, and Iranshahr. RGC1033 and Indian populations had the highest Fv/Fm in leaves and Saravan and Iranshahr had the lowest Fv/Fm in leaves at 7 days irrigation period, respectively. The number of pods per plant, number of lateral branches, 100 seed weight and plant height have a direct and positive effect on guar yield. Under drought stress, plant height and leaf number decrease, resulting in lower shoot dry weight. Some researchers showed that decreasing plant height under water stress is associated with loss of protoplasmic water, resulting in reduced cell division and development. The harvest index decreased with decreasing number of pods, thereby reducing economic yield. Differences between susceptible and resistant ecotypes appear in high-stress conditions and high Fv/Fm ratio ecotypes have higher photosynthetic efficiency under severe stress conditions. Chlorophyll fluorescence is considered as a criterion for assessing the integrity of the thylakoid membrane in the relative efficiency of electron transfer from Photosystem II to Photosystem I. Conclusion Mean root length, the number of branches, fresh and dry weight of RGC1033 were not affected by a 9-day irrigation interval. In the 9-day irrigation period, the highest mean dry weight of leaf, main stem weight and seed weight were related to Saravan ecotype. The highest biological yield was observed in the irrigation period of 7-day and Saravan ecotype. In general, the results showed that irrigation had different effects on different guar populations. RGC1033 and Saravan ecotypes showed the lowest percentage of stress-affected variations. |
- Amiri Deh Ahmadi, S.R., Parsa, M., Nezami, A., and Ganjali, A. 2010. Effect of drought stress at different growth stages on chickpea growth indices in greenhouse conditions. Journal of Bean Research Iranian Science 1(2): 69-84.
- Al-Hakimi, A., Monneveux, P., and Galiba, G. Soluble sugars, proline and relative water content (RCW) as traits for improving drought tolerance and divergent selection for RCW from Triticum polonicum into Triticum durum. Journal of Genetics and Breeding 49: 237-244.
- Badr, S.E.A., Abdelfattah, M.S., El-Sayed, S.H., Abd El-Aziz, A.S.E., and Sakr, D.M. 2014. Evaluation of anticancer, antimycoplasmal activities and chemical composition of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) seeds extract. Research Jornal of Pharm Biology Chemistry Science 5(3): 413-423.
- Bannayan, M., Nadjafi, F., Azizi, M., Tabrizi, L., and Rastgoo, M. Yield and seed quality of Plantago ovata and Nigella sativa under different irrigation treatments. Industrial Crops and Products 27(1): 11-16.
- Bayat, A., Sephri, A., Ahmadvand, G., and Derry, H.R. 2009. Effect of water deficit stress on performance and performance components pinto beans genotypes. Journal of Crop Science Iranian 12(1): 42-51.
- Bayat, S., Sodai Zade, H., Hakimzadeh, M.A., and Mosle aria, A. 2017. Investigation of water relations and drought resistance of guar plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) under different moisture treatments. Master's Thesis, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran.
- Boutraa, T., and Sanders, F.E. 2001. Influence of water stress on grain yield and vegetative growth of two cultivars of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 187(4): 251-257.
- Burman, U., Garg, B.K., and Kathju, S. 2009a. Effect of phosphorus application on clusterbean under different intensities of water stress. Journal of Plant Nutrition 32(4): 668-680.
- Burman, U., Garg, B.K., and Kathju, S. 2004b. Interactive effects of thiourea and phosphorus on clusterbean under water stress. Biologia Plantarum 48(1): 61-65.
- Chuarasia, S., and Saxena, R. 2012. Antimicrobial activity of four different varieties of green beans. Research Jornal of Pharm Biology Chemistry Science 3: 70-74.
- Dhingra, H.R. Effect of salinity stress on morpho-physiological, biochemical and yield characters of cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.]. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology 19(4): 393-398.
- El-Kholy, M.A., and Gaballah, M.S. 2005. Productivity of wheat cultivars affected by seeding methods and reflected application under water stress condition. Journal Agronomy 4: 23-30.
- Gebeyehu, S. 2006. Physiological response to drought stress of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ) genotypes differing in drought resistance. PhD. Thesis, University of Giessen Germany.
- Ghorbani, T., Galeshi, S., Soltani, A., and Zeynali, E. 2010. Review some parameters physiological and biochemical in chicpea plant under drought stress. Submitted Dissertation, University of Gorgan.
- Ghosh, P.K., Bandyopadhyay, K.K., Manna, M.C., Mandal, K.G., Misra, A.K., and Hati, K.M. 2004. Comparative effectiveness of cattle manure, poultry manure, phosphocompost and fertilizer-NPK on three cropping systems in vertisols of semi-arid tropics. II. Dry matter yield, nodulation, chlorophyll content and enzyme activity. Bioresource Technology 95(1): 85-93.
- Gresta, F., De Luca, A.I., Strano, A., Falcone, G., Santonoceto, C., Anastasi, U., and Gulisano, G. Economic and environmental sustainability analysis of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) farming process in a Mediterranean area: two case studies. Italian Journal of Agronomy 9(1): 20-24.
- Hussain, M.I., and Reigosa, M.J. 2011. A chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of photosynthetic efficiency, quantum yield and photon energy dissipation in PSII antennae of Lactuca sativa leaves exposed to cinnamic acid. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 49(11): 1290-1298.
- Kumar, V., and Ram, R.B. 2015. Genetic variability, correlation and path analysis for yield and yield attributing traits in cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] genotypes. International Jornal of Pure Applied Biology Science 3(1): 143-149.
- Le-Houérou, H.N. 1996. Climate change, drought and desertification. Journal of arid Environments 34(2): 133-185.
- Mahmoud, F.E.M.A., Deng, M.M., and Awatif, A.G.B. 2011. Effect of water stress at different periods on seed yield and water use efficiency of guar under shambat conditions. Agricultural Sciences 3: 262-266.
- Mohammad Zadeh, A., Majnun Hosseini, N., Moghadam, H., and Akbari, M. 2011. Impact of different levels drought and nitrogen on performance and performance components Red been genotypes. Journal of Crop Science Iranian 43(1): 29-38.
- Morison, M.J., and Videng, H.D. 1995. Leaf greenness and photosynthetic rates in soybean. Crop Science 35: 1411-1414.
- Morris, P.C., Jewer, P.C., and Bowles, D.J. 1991. Changes in water relations and endogenous abscisic acid content of wheat and barley grains and embryos during development. Plant, Cell & Environment 14(4): 443-446.
- Movahedi Dehnavi, M., Modares Sanawie, S.A.M., Soroush Zadeh, A., and Jalali, M. 2004. Changes in proline, total soluble sugars, chlorophyll and chlorophyll fluorescence in autumn safflower cultivars under drought stress of zinc and manganese foliar application. The Desert 9(1): 93-109.
- Pandey, R.L., Rao, S.K., Tiwari, A.S., and Reddy, R.K. 1981. Note on estimates of heterosis for grain yield and implication in chickpea breeding (Cicer arietinum). Legume Rresearch 4: 109-111.
- Petridis, A., Therios, I., Samouris, G., Koundouras, S., and Giannakoula, A. 2012. Effect of water deficit on leaf phenolic composition, gas exchange, oxidative damage and antioxidant activity of four Greek olive (Olea europaea) cultivars. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 60: 1-11.
- Pezashk Pour, A., Noori, M., Khorgami, A., Nazari, S., and Danesh var, M. The effect of supplementary irrigation on yield and yield components of grain, leaf chlorophyll index and light infiltration in shadingf of cabbage chickpea cultivars. Proceedings of the First National Bean Conference, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Sci 205-207.
- Rahman, M., and Shafivr, M. Guar meal in dairy cattle vations. PhD. Dissertation. Texas A&M University, College station, TX.
- Razavi, F., Pollet, B., Steppe, K., and Van Labeke, M.C. Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool for evaluation of drought stress in strawberry. Photosynthetica 46(4): 631-633.
- Rosales-Serna, R., Shibala, K., Gallegos, , Lopez, T., Cereceres, O., and Kelly, I.D. 2004. Biomass distribution maturity acceleration and yield in drought stress common bean cultivars. Field Crops Research 85: 2-3.
- Salehi, F. 2015. Principles of Breeding and Cultivation of Common B Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Education Publication. 265 p.
- Sarmdnya, G. 1993. Environmental stresses the importance of agriculture. In:Congress Proceedings Crop Iran, Faculty of Agriculture, Tehran University, Karaj. 571p.
- Sayed, O.H. 2003. Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool in cereal research. Photosynthetica 41(3): 321-330.
- Sharma, P., Dubey, G., and Kaushik, S. Chemical and medico-biological profile of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L) Taub: an overview. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 1(2): 32-37.
- Shekhawat, S.S., and Singhania, D.L. 2005. Correlation and path analysis in cluster bean. F Research 30(4):196-
- Sij, J.W., Ott, J.P., Baughman, T.A., and Olosn, B.L.S. 2000. Simulated Hail Damage on Guar at Different Stages of G Annual Report Texas University, USA.
- Turner, N.C. 1986. Adaptation to water deficits: a changing perspective. Functional Plant Biology 13(1): 175-190.
- Wazirie, Z., Mousavi Nick, M., Ghanbari, A., and Ashada, M.A. 2016. Effect review seed location on the native plant on quantitative and qualitative performance Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) Under drought stress. Master's Thesis, University of Zabol, Iran. (In Persian).
- Yordanov, I., Velikova, V., and Tsonev, T. 2003. Plant responses to drought, acclimation and stress tolerance. Photosynthetica 38(2): 171-186.
|