ارزیابی کاربرد بیوچار به‌همراه کودهای آلی و زیستی بر کمیت و کیفیت اسانس گیاه نعنا فلفلی (Mentha piperita L.) در کشاورزی اکولوژیک

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 11، دوره 14، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 53، مهر 1401، صفحه 561-578   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/agry.2021.20307.0

نویسندگان

فائزه زعفریان^{* 1}؛ وحید اکبرپور²؛ محمد کاوه³؛ مریم حبیبی³

¹گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، مازندران، ایران.

²گروه باغبانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، مازندران، ایران.

³دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، مازندران، ایران.

چکیده

کشت گیاهان دارویی و معطر از دیرباز دارای جایگاه ویژه‌ای در نظام‌های سنتی کشاورزی ایران بوده و این نظام‌ها از نظر ایجاد تنوع و پایداری نقش مهمی ایفا کرده‌اند. از بین گیاهان دارویی می‌توان به نعنا فلفلی  (Mentha piperita L.)اشاره کرد که تغذیه و جذب مناسب عناصر معدنی نقش به‌سزایی در افزایش عملکرد کمّی و کیفی آن دارد. پژوهش حاضر به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری در سال 1396 به ‌اجرا درآمد. عوامل مورد مطالعه شامل بیوچار در دو سطح (صفر و 10 تن در هکتار) و کودهای آلی و زیستی در پنج سطح (عدم مصرف کود، ازتوباکتر، سودوموناس، میکوریزا و ورمی‌کمپوست) و صفت‌های اندازه‌گیری شده نیز شامل عملکرد، درصد و ترکیبات اسانس نعنا فلفلی بود. نتایج تجزیه واریانس نشان داد که اثرات اصلی بیوچار و کودهای آلی و زیستی تأثیر معنی­داری بر وزن تر اندام هوایی در سطح احتمال یک درصد داشت، درحالی‌که برهم‌کنش تیمارهای آزمایش بر این صفت معنی‌دار نشد. بر اساس نتایج، مصرف 10 تن در هکتار بیوچار سبب افزایش 96/42 درصدی وزن تر اندام هوایی در مقایسه با عدم مصرف آن شد. در بررسی اثر اصلی کودهای آلی و زیستی نتایج گویای این مطلب بود که بیشترین و کمترین وزن تر اندام هوایی در مترمربع به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای آزمایشی میکوریزا و شاهد (عدم مصرف کود آلی و زیستی) با میانگین 95/667 و 08/418 گرم در مترمربع حاصل شد. بیشترین وزن خشک اندام هوایی گیاه با میانگین 08/89 گرم در مترمربع مربوط به مصرف توأم بیوچار و میکوریزا و کمترین متعلق به شاهد (عدم مصرف بیوچار و کود آلی و زیستی) با میانگین 76/61 گرم در مترمربع بود. همچنین نتایج حاکی از آن بود که اثر متقابل بیوچار و کودهای آلی و زیستی روی ترکیبات اسانس مانند Menthone،Menthol ، α-Pinene، Cineol-1,8، iso Menthone، Pulegone، Piperitone oxide،Menthyl acetate و Menthofuran معنی‌دار گردید. به‌طور کلی، نتایج نشان داد که کاربرد بیوچار می‌تواند هم در کیفیت و هم در کمیت اسانس نعنا فلفلی مؤثر باشد، به‌طوری‌که بیشترین درصد اسانس و اکثر ترکیبات اسانس نعنا فلفلی در تیمارهای همراه با مصرف بیوچار به‌دست آمد. از طرفی دیگر، کاربرد کودهای زیستی و آلی توانست منجر به به افزایش درصد اسانس و ترکیبات کیفی اسانس نعنا فلفلی شود. در این بین، کاربرد باکتری ازتوباکتر و سودوموناس به‌همراه بیوچار بیشترین تأثیر را بر کیفیت اسانس نعنا فلفلی به‌خصوص در ترکیبات منتول و منتون داشتند. در نهایت، می‌توان اذعان داشت که کاربرد توأمان بیوچار به همراه کودهای زیستی می‌تواند تأثیر زیادی در افزایش کمّی و کیفی اسانس نعنا فلفلی در کشاورزی اکولوژیک داشته باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

ازتوباکتر؛ سودوموناس؛ منتول؛ منتون؛ میکوریزا؛ ورمی‌کمپوست

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