ارزیابی و کمّی‌سازی خدمات بوم‌سازگان در کشت‌بوم گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 5، دوره 15، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 56، تیر 1402، صفحه 277-299   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/agry.2021.71133.1051

نویسندگان

مصطفی کوزه گر¹؛ حسین کاظمی^{* 2}؛ بهنام کامکار¹؛ حمید امیر نژاد³؛ محسن حسینعلی زاده⁴

¹گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران.

²گروه زراعت، دانشکده تولید گیاهی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران

³گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

⁴گروه مدیریت مناطق بیابانی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، گرگان، ایران

چکیده

نظام­های زراعی انواع خدمات تأمینی، حمایتی، تنظیمی و فرهنگی را به جوامع انسانی ارائه می­دهند. در این مطالعه خدمات تأمینی، حمایتی، تنظیمی در کشت‌بوم‌های گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)  شرکت زراعی دشت ناز ساری (استان مازندران) در سال زراعی 99-1398 ارزیابی و کمّی­سازی شد. قطعات تحت کشت گندم شامل چهار رقم تیرگان، احسان، کلکتور و N-92-9 بودند که به‌عنوان تیمارهای آزمایش در نظر گرفته شد. در این مطالعه، انواع خدمات بوم­سازگانی شامل تنوع زیستی حشرات و گیاهان هرز از زیرمجموعه خدمات حمایتی با استفاده از شاخص­های شانون-واینر، سیمپسون، مارگالف، یکنواختی و منهنیک، خدمات تنظیمی با استفاده از نمایه­های تنفس میکروبی خاک، ترسیب کربن، فراوانی کرم خاکی، ماده آلی، پایداری خاکدانه­ها، تولید اکسیژن و خدمات تأمینی شامل عملکرد دانه و میزان پروتئین دانه ارزیابی و کمّی‌سازی شدند. برای تعیین میزان تنفس میکروبی، ماده آلی و ترسیب کربن، نمونه­های خاک قبل از کشت گندم در آبان 1398 و پس از برداشت آن در خرداد 1399 از عمق 0-30 سانتی­متری برداشت شدند. تولید اکسیژن بر اساس تولید خالص اولیه برآورد گردید. داده­های آزمایش به‌صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی نامتعادل تجزیه شدند. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین میزان خدمت تولید اکسیژن حدود 43/13 تن در هکتار و عملکرد دانه گندم حدود 84/4 تن در هکتار از رقم کلکتور حاصل گردید. بالاترین درصد پروتیئن دانه از زیرمجموعه خدمات تأمینی، به‌میزان 15/12 درصد به رقم احسان اختصاص یافت. در این پژوهش، بیشترین میزان ترسیب کربن (33/2 تن در هکتار) و فعالیت تنفس میکروبی قبل از کشت و بعد از برداشت محصول به‌ترتیب به‌میزان 46/76 و 52/38 میلی‌گرم ₂CO به‌ازای هر کیلوگرم خاک در روز، به قطعه 15 تعلق داشت. ارزیابی وضعیت تنوع زیستی در حشرات و گیاهان هرز نشان داد که بیشترین میزان شاخص تنوع شانون- واینر و شاخص یکنواختی در گیاهان هرز به‌ترتیب به‌میزان 63/2 و 82/0 از قطعات 23 و 15 به‌دست آمد و همچنین شاخص شانون- واینر و شاخص یکنواختی جوامع حشرات به‌ترتیب به‌میزان 07/2 و 94/0 برای قطعه 22 محاسبه شد. به­طور کلی، ارایه خدمات ترسیب کربن، ماده آلی، تنفس میکروبی، فراوانی کرم خاکی و پایداری خاکدانه­ها بر اساس شاخص‌های میانگین وزنی قطر  (MWD)و میانگین هندسی قطر (GMD) در قطعات 14 و 15 تحت کشت گندم بهتر از سایر قطعات بود. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که مدیریت زراعی و اجرای نظام کشاورزی فشرده، بر ارائه بسیاری از خدمات بوم­سازگان در مزارع گندم در منطقه دشت ناز ساری تأثیرگذار بود، به‌طوری‌که این خدمات تحت تأثیر عواملی متعددی مانند رقم زراعی، تناوب زراعی، روش­های خاکورزی و غیره قرار گرفتند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

ترسیب کربن؛ تنوع زیستی؛ تولید اکسیژن؛ خدمات تأمینی؛ خدمات حمایتی

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