- Abdelfattah, E. M., Karousa, M., Lay, D. C., Marchant-Forde, J. N., & Eicher, S. D. (2018). Short communication: Effect of age at group housing on behavior, cortisol, health, and leukocyte differential counts of neonatal bull dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(1), 596-602. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-12632.
- AOAC (2002). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. 1. 17th ed. AOAC International, Arlington, VA.
- Babu, L. K., Pandey, H. N., & Sahoo, A. (2004). Effect of individual versus group rearing on ethological and physiological responses of crossbred calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 87(3-4), 177-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2004.01.006.
- Bernal-Rigoli, J. C., Allen, J. D., Marchello, J. A., Cuneo, S. P., Garcia, S. R., Xie, G., Hall, L. W., Burrows, C. D., & Duff, G. C. (2012). Effects of housing and feeding systems on performance of neonatal Holstein bull calves. Journal of Animal Science, 90(8), 2818-2825. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4722.
- Bučková, K., Šárová, R., Moravcsíková, Á., & Špinka, M. (2021). The effect of pair housing on dairy calf health, performance, and behavior. Journal of Dairy Science, 104(9), 10282-10290. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-19968.
- Chase, C. C., Hurley, D. J., & Reber, A. J. (2008). Neonatal immune development in the calf and its impact on vaccine response. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 24(1), 87-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2007.11.001.
- Chua, B., Coenen, E., Van Delen, J., & Weary, D. M. (2002). Effects of pair versus individual housing on the behavior and performance of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 85(2), 360-364. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74082-4.
- Cobb, C. J., Obeidat, B. S., Sellers, M. D., Pepper-Yowell, A. R., & Ballou, M. A. (2014). Group housing of Holstein calves in a poor indoor environment increases respiratory disease but does not influence performance or leukocyte responses. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(5), 3099-3109. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7823.
- Costa, J. H. C., Meagher, R. K., Von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Weary, D. M. (2015). Early pair housing increases solid feed intake and weight gains in dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(9), 6381-6386. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9395.
- Curtis, G. C., Argo, C. M., Jones, D., & Grove‐White, D. H. (2016). Impact of feeding and housing systems on disease incidence in dairy calves. Veterinary Record, 179(20), 512-512. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.103895.
- De Passillé, A. M. (2001). Sucking motivation and related problems in calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 72(3), 175-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(01)00108-3.
- Duve, L. R., Weary, D. M., Halekoh, U., & Jensen, M. B. (2012). The effects of social contact and milk allowance on responses to handling, play, and social behavior in young dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 95(11), 6571-6581. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5170.
- Gulliksen, S. M., Lie, K. I., Løken, T., & Østerås, O. (2009). Calf mortality in Norwegian dairy herds. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(6), 2782-2795. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2008-1807.
- Hänninen, L., Hepola, H., Rushen, J., De Passille, A. M., Pursiainen, P., Tuure, V. M., Syrjälä-Qvist, L., Pyykkönen, M., & Saloniemi, H. (2003). Resting behaviour, growth and diarrhoea incidence rate of young dairy calves housed individually or in groups in warm or cold buildings. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A—Animal Science, 53(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700310002008.
- Heinrichs, A. J., Jones, C. M., VanRoekel, L. R., & Fowler, M. A. (2003). Calf Track: A system of dairy calf workforce management, training, and evaluation and health evaluation. Journal of Dairy Science, 86(Suppl 1), 115.
- Hepola, H., Hänninen, L., Pursiainen, P., Tuure, V. M., Syrjälä-Qvist, L., Pyykkönen, M., & Saloniemi, H. (2006). Feed intake and oral behaviour of dairy calves housed individually or in groups in warm or cold buildings. Livestock Science, 105(1-3), 94-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2006.04.033.
- Hötzel, M. J., Longo, C., Balcao, L. F., Cardoso, C. S., & Costa, J. H. (2014). A survey of management practices that influence performance and welfare of dairy calves reared in southern Brazil. PLoS One, 9(12), e114995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114995.
- Jensen, M. B., Vestergaard, K. S., & Krohn, C. C. (1998). Play behaviour in dairy calves kept in pens: the effect of social contact and space allowance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 56(2-4), 97-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00106-8.
- Jensen, M. B., & Larsen, L. E. (2014). Effects of level of social contact on dairy calf behavior and health. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(8), 5035-5044. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2013-7311.
- Jensen, M. B., Duve, L. R., & Weary, D. M. (2015). Pair housing and enhanced milk allowance increase play behavior and improve performance in dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(4), 2568-2575. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8272.
- Keil, N. M., & Langhans, W. (2001). The development of intersucking in dairy calves around weaning. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 72(4), 295-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00207-0.
- Khan, M. A., Lee, H. J., Lee, W. S., Kim, H. S., Ki, K. S., Hur, T. Y., Suh, G. H., Kang, S. J., Choi, & Y. J. (2007). Structural growth, rumen development, and metabolic and immune responses of Holstein male calves fed milk through step-down and conventional methods. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(7), 3376-3387. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2007-0104.
- Kung Jr, L., Demarco, S., Siebenson, L. N., Joyner, E., Haenlein, G. F. W., & Morris, R. M. (1997). An evaluation of two management systems for rearing calves fed milk replacer. Journal of Dairy Science, 80(10), 2529-2533. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76206-4.
- Leruste, H., Brscic, M., Cozzi, G., Kemp, B., Wolthuis-Fillerup, M., Lensink, B. J., Bokkers, E. A. M., & Van Reenen, C. G. (2014). Prevalence and potential influencing factors of non-nutritive oral behaviors of veal calves on commercial farms. Journal of Dairy Science, 97(11), 7021-7030. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-7917.
- Liu, S., Ma, J., Li, J., Alugongo, G. M., Wu, Z., Wang, Y., Li, S., & Cao, Z. (2019). Effects of pair versus individual housing on performance, health, and behavior of dairy calves. Animals, 10(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010050.
- Miller-Cushon, E. K., & DeVries, T. J. (2016). Effect of social housing on the development of feeding behavior and social feeding preferences of dairy calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(2), 1406-1417. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9869.
- Morgan, C.K. (2018). Evaluation of single vs. pair housing Holstein calves on specific antibody concentrations to KLH. (Honors Thesis Projects).University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
- Pempek, J. A., Eastridge, M. L., Swartzwelder, S. S., Daniels, K. M., & Yohe, T. T. (2016). Housing system may affect behavior and growth performance of Jersey heifer calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 99(1), 569-578. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10088.
- Suarez-Mena, F. X., Hill, T. M., Jones, C. M., & Heinrichs, A. J. (2016). Effect of forage provision on feed intake in dairy calves. The Professional Animal Scientist, 32(4), 383-388. https://doi.org/10.15232/pas.2016-01502.
- Svensson, C., Lundborg, K., Emanuelson, U., & Olsson, S. O. (2003). Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 58(3-4), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00046-1.
- Svensson, C., & Liberg, P. (2006). The effect of group size on health and growth rate of Swedish dairy calves housed in pens with automatic milk-feeders. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 73(1), 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.08.021.
- Tapki, İ. (2007). Effects of individual or combined housing systems on behavioural and growth responses of dairy calves. Acta Agriculturae Scand Section A, 57(2), 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064700701464405.
- Terré, M., Bach, A., & Devant, M. (2006). Performance and behaviour of calves reared in groups or individually following an enhanced-growth feeding programme. Journal of Dairy Research, 73(4), 480-486. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029906002019.
- Van Soest, P. V., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10), 3583-3597. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.
- Vieira, A. D. P., Von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Weary, D. M. (2010). Effects of pair versus single housing on performance and behavior of dairy calves before and after weaning from milk. Journal of Dairy Science, 93(7), 3079-3085. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2516.
- Vieira, A. D. P., Von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Weary, D. M. (2012). Presence of an older weaned companion influences feeding behavior and improves performance of dairy calves before and after weaning from milk. Journal of dairy science, 95(6), 3218-3224. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-4821.
- Vinay Agarwal, B. G. (1997). Examination stress: Changes in serum cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 41(4): 404-408.
- Whalin, L., Weary, D. M., & Von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. (2018). Pair housing dairy calves in modified calf hutches. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(6), 5428-5433. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-14361.
- Zhu, L., Jones, C., Guo, Q., Lewis, L., Stark, C. R., & Alavi, S. (2016). An evaluation of total starch and starch gelatinization methodologies in pelleted animal feed. Journal of Animal Science, 94(4), 1501-1507. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9822.
|