بررسی تعاملات بین‌گونه‌ای بخش بالایی در کشت مخلوط گیاه سویا (Glycine max (L) Merrill) و دان‌سیاه (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass)

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 3، دوره 15، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 56، تیر 1402، صفحه 239-261   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/agry.2021.70705.1047

نویسندگان

میثم نامداری¹؛ رحمت عباسی^{* 2}؛ همت اله پیردشتی³؛ فائزه زعفریان¹

¹گروه زراعت، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

²گروه زراعت دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران

³پژوهشکده ژنتیک و زیست‌فناوری کشاورزی طبرستان، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری، ساری، ایران.

چکیده

انتخاب گونه و الگوی کشت مناسب نقش مهمی در تعیین نوع رقابت و بهره­وری در سیستم کشت مخلوط دارد، لذا به‌منظور بررسی رقابت سویا (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) و دان­سیاه (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass) در نسبت­های مختلف کشت مخلوط بر خصوصیات زراعی و کارایی مصرف نور، آزمایشی در دو سال زراعی (97-1396 و 98-1397) و به‌صورت طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل نسبت­های کاشت 0:100، 25:75، 50:50، 75:25 و 100:0 (به­ترتیب دان­سیاه- سویا) به‌روش جایگزینی بودند. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل ارتفاع بوته، کارایی مصرف نور، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد سویا و دان­سیاه بود. نتایج نشان داد، بیشترین ارتفاع بوته سویا و دان­سیاه به­ترتیب با میانگین 3/76 و 7/189 سانتی‌متر مربوط­به نسبت کاشت 75:25 بود. همچنین تعداد غلاف در بوته سویا و تعداد کاپیتول در بوته دان­سیاه در کشت مخلوط در مقایسه با کشت خالص افزایش یافت. به‌طور کلی، تأثیر رقابت بر کارایی مصرف نور در طی مراحل مختلف رشد از نوع همیاری دو جانبه بود. همچنین کشت خالص سویا (100:0) و دان­سیاه (0:100) به­ترتیب با 24/4965 و 39/462 کیلوگرم در هکتار بیشترین و کمترین میزان عملکرد دانه را در اختیار داشتند. بیشترین میانگین بهره­وری در کشت مخلوط (28/1=LER) نیز از نسبت کاشت 50:50 حاصل شد. در نهایت، افزایش کارایی استفاده از منابع و ایجاد رابطه همیاری دوجانبه نقش مهمی در افزایش سودمندی کشت مخلوط سویا و دان­سیاه در مقایسه با کشت خالص دارد و انتخاب نسبت کاشت 50:50 و 25:75 (دان­سیاه- سویا) گزینه مناسبی برای دستیابی به هدف مذکور می­باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

خصوصیات زراعی؛ کارایی مصرف نور؛ نسبت برابری زمین؛ همیاری دو جانبه

مراجع

1. Alizadeh, Y., Koocheki, A., & Nassiri Mahallati, M.)2010(. Evaluation of radiation use efficiency of intercropping of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and herb sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Journal of Agroecology, 2(1), 94-104. (In Persian with English Summary) https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v2i1.7605
2. Alsajri, F.A., Singh, B., Wijewardana, C., Trenton Irby, J., Gao, W., & Reddy, R.(2019). Evaluating soybean cultivars for low and high temperature tolerance during the seedling growth stage. Agronomy, 9(13), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9010013
3. Ambas, V., & Baltas, E.(2014). Spectral analysis of hourly solar radiation. Environmental Process, 1, 251-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-014-0023-9
4. Arshad, M., Nawaz, R., Ahmad, S., Shad, G., Faiz, F., Ahmed, N., Irchad, M., & Ranamukhaarachchi, S.L.(2020). Growth, yield and nutritional performance of sweet sorghum and legumes in sole and intercropping influenced by type of legume, nitrogen level and air quality. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 29(1), 533-543. https://doi.org/15244/pjoes/104461
5. Bedoussac,, & Justec, E.(2010). Dynamic analysis of competition and complementarity for light and N use to understand the yield and the protein content of a durum wheat–winter pea intercrop. Plant and Soil, 330, 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-010-0303-8
6. Bedoussac, L., & Justec, E.(2011). A comparison of commonly used indices for evaluating species interactions and intercrop efficiency: Application to durum wheat–winter pea intercrops. Field Crop Research, 124, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.05.025
7. Carciochi, W.D., Schwalbert, R., Andrade, F.H., Corassa, G.M., Carter, P., Gasper, A.P., Schmidt, J., & Ciampitti, A.(2019). Soybean seed yield response to plant density by yield environmental in North America. Agronomy Journal, 111(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/2134/agronj2018.10.0635
8. Chimonyo, V.G.P., Modi, A.T., & Mabhaudhi, T.(2018). Sorghum radiation use efficiency and biomass partitioning in intercrop systems. South African Journal of Botany, 118, 76-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.06.009
9. De Wit, C.T.(1960). On competition. Verslag Landbouw-Kundige Onderzoek , 66, 1–28.
10. Feng, L., Muhammad, A.R., Li, Z., Chen, Y., Khalid, M.H.B., Du, J., Liu, W., Wu, X., Song, C., Yu, L., Zhang, Z., Yuan, S., Yang, W., & Yang, F.(2019). The influence of light intensity and leaf movement on photosynthesis characteristics and carbon balance of Soybean. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01952
11. Gou, F., Van Ittersum, M.K., Simon, E., Leffelaar, P.A., Putten, P.E.L., Zhang, L., & Werf, W.(2017). Intercropping wheat and maize increases total radiation interception and wheat RUE but lowers maize RUE. European Journal of Agronomy, 84, 125-139. https://doi.org/1016/j.eja.2016.10.014
12. Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., & Jensen, E.S.(2001). Evaluation pea and barley cultivars for complementarity in intercropping at different levels of soil N availability. Field Crop Research, 72, 185-196. https://doi.org/1016/S0378-4290(01)00176-9
13. Hill, J., & Shimamoto, Y.(1973). A methods of analyzing competition with special reference to herbage plants. Journal of Agricultural Science, 81, 77-88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600058342
14. Jamont, M., Guillaume, P., & Fustec, J.(2013). Sharing N resources in the early growth of rapeseed intercropped with faba bean: Does N transfer matter? Plant and Soil, 371(1-3), 651-653. https://doi.org/1007/s11104-013-1712-2
15. Janbazghobadi, G.(2018). Calibration and validation of the estimate of the radiation rates of the sun and its zoning of meteorological station data of Mazandaran province. Geography, 8(1), 237-249. (In Persian with English Summary) DOR: 1001.1.22286462.1396.8.1.13.6
16. Kasle, S.V., Gaikeard, S.R., Bhusari, S.A., & Kalegore, N.K.(2020). Studies on growth, yield and quality of niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass) as influenced by graded levels of fertilizer and plant density. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 9(11), 314-316.
17. Khalid, M.H.B., Reza, M.A., Yu, H.Q., Sum, F.A., Zhang, Y.Y., Lu, F.Z., Iqbal, N., Khan, I., Fu, F.L., & Li, W.C.(2018). Effect of shade treatments on morphology, photosynthetic and chlorophyll flurescence characteristics of soybeans (Glycine max merr.). Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 17(2), 2551-2569. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1702_2551256
18. Kim, J., Song, Y., Kim, D.W., Fiaz, M., & Kwon, C.H.(2018). Evaluating different inter row distance between corn and soybean for optimum growth, production and nutritive value of intercropped forages. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 60(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-017-0158-0. eCollection 2018
19. Koocheki, A., Shabahang, J., Khorramdel, S., & Ghafouri, A.(2012). Row intercropping of borage (Borago officinals) with bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on possible evaluating of the best strip width and assessing of ecological characteristics. Journal of Agroecology, 4(1), 1-11. (In Persian with English Summary) https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v4i1.14951
20. Lithourgidis, A.S., Vlachostergios, D.N., Dordas, C.A., & Damalas, C.A.(2011). Dry matter yield, nitrogen content, and competition in pea–cereal intercropping system Greece. European Journal of Agronomy, 34, 287-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2011.02.007
21. Liu, X., Rahman, T., Song, C., Su, B., Yang, F., Yong, T., Wu, Y., Zhang, C., & Yang, W.(2017). Changes in light environment, morphology, growth and yield of soybean in maize-soybean intercropping systems. Field Crop Research, 200, 38-46. https://doi.org/1016/j.fcr.2016.10.003
22. Loreau, M., & Hector, A.(2001). Partitioning selection and complementarity in biodiversity experiments. Nature, 412, 72–76. https://doi.org/10.1038/35083573
23. Lunagaria, M.M., & Shekh, A.M.(2006). Radiation interception, light extinction coefficient and leaf area index of wheat (Triticum aestivum) crop as influenced by row orientation and row spacing. Agricultural Sciences, 2(2), 43-54. https://doi.org/10.4038/jas.v2i2.8130
24. Machado, S.(2009). Does intercropping have a role in modern agriculture? Soil and Water Conservation Society, 64(2), 55-57. https://doi.org/10.2489/jswc.64.2.55A
25. Mead, R., & Willey, R.W.(1980). The concept of a land equivalent ratio and advantages in yields for intercropping. Experimental Agriculture, 16, 217–228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700010978
26. Monti, M., Pellicano A., Santonoceto, C., Preiti, G., & Pristeri, A.(2016). Yield components and nitrogen use in cereal-pea intercrops in Mediterranean. Field Crop Research, 196, 379-388. DOI: 10.1016/j.fcr.2016.07.017
27. Namdari, M., Behdani, M.A., & Arab, G.(2010). Evaluation of physiological and morphological characteristics and yield of soybean (Glycine max) cultivars under different intercropping planting ratios. Journal of Agroecology, 2(2), 313-322. (In Persion with English Summary) https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v2i2.7638
28. Nico, M., Miralles, D.J., & Kantolic, A.G.(2019). Natural post-flowering photoperiod and photoperiod sensitivity: Roles in yield determining processes in soybean. Field Crop Research, 231, 141-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2018.10.019
29. Onat, B., Bakal, H., Gulluoglu, L., & Arioglu, H.(2017). The effects of heigh temperature at the growing period on yield and yield components of soybean varieties. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 22(2), 178-186. https://doi.org/10.17557/tjfc.356210
30. Ranganatha, A.R.G., Panday, A.K., Bisen, R., Jain, S., & Sharma, S.(2016). Niger. In S.K. Gupta (Eds). Breeding Oilseed Crops for Sustainable Production, opportunities and constrants. Academic Press, London, p. 169-199.
31. Ren, Y., Liu, J., Wang, Z., & Zhang, S.(2016). Planting density and sowing proportions of maize–soybean intercrops affected competitive interactions and water-use efficiencies on the Loess Plateau, China. European Journal of Agronomy, 72, 70-79. https://doi.org/1016/j.eja.2015.10.001
32. Rezaie Chiyaneh, E., Tajbakhsh, M., Valizadegan, O., & Bannaei Asl, F.(2013). Evaluation of different intercropping patterns of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and lentil (Lens cultivars L.) in double crop. Journal of Agroecology, 5(4), 452-461. (In Persian with English Summary) https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v5i4.33009
33. Skrudlik, G., & Koscielniak, J.(1996). Effects of low temperature treatment at seedling stage on soybean growth, development and final yield. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 176(2), 111-117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.1996.tb00453.x
34. Stomph, T., Dordas, C., Baranger, A., de Rijk, J., Dong, B., Evers, J., Gu, C., Li, L., Simon, J., Jensen, E.S., Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Xu, H., Zhang, C., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., Bedoussac, L., & Werf, W.V.(2020). Designing intercrops for high yield, yield stability and efficient use of resources: Are there principles? Advances in Agronomy. In D.L. Sparks (Eds), Advances in Agronomy. Academic Press, London. p. 1-50.
35. Thapa, R., Poffenberger, H., Tully, K.L., Ackroyd, V.J., Kramer, M., & Mirsky, B.(2018). Biomass production and nitrogen accumulation by Hairy Vetch–Cereal Rye mixtures: A meta-Analysis. Agronomy Journal, 110(4), 1197-1208. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2017.09.0544
36. Tsubo, M., & Walker, S.(2002). A model of radiation interception and use by a maize-bean intercrop canopy. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 110, 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00287-8
37. Vlachostergios, D.N., Dordas, C.A., & Lithourgidis, A.S.(2015). Forage yield, protein concentration and interspecific competition in red pea-cereal intercrops. Experimental Agriculture, 51(4), 635-650. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479714000519
38. Wang, Z., Zhao, X., Wu, P., He, J., Chen, X., Gao, Y., & Cao, X.(2015). Radiation interception and utilization by wheat/maize strip intercropping systems. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 204, 58-66. https://doi.org/1016/j.agrformet.2015.02.004
39. Weisany,, Salmasi, S., Raei, Y., & Shorabi, Y.(2016). Can arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve competitive ability of dill + common bean intercrops against weeds? European Journal of Agronomy, 75, 60-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2016.01.006
40. Willer, H., & Lernoud, J.(2017). The world of organic agriculture statistics and emerging trends. Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL and IFOAM-Organic International. Frick and bonn, Germany. p. 340.
41. Yang, F., Fan, Y., Wu, X., Cheng, Y., Liu, Q., Feng, L., Chen, J., Wang, Z., Wang, X., & Yong, T.,(2018). Auxin-to-gibberellin ratio as a signal for light intensity and quality in regulating soybean growth and matter partitioning. Frontiers Plant Science, 9(56), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00056
42. Yang, W., Li,, Wang, J., Wu, P., & Zhang, Y.(2013). Crop yield, nitrogen acquisition and sugarcane quality as affected interspecific competition and nitrogen application. Field Crop Research, 146, 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.03.008
43. Yu, Y., Stomph, T.J. Makowski, D., & Werf, W.V.(2015). Temporal niche differentiation increases the land equivalent ratio of annual intercrops: A meta-analysis. Field Crop Research, 184, 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.09.010
44. Zaefarian, F., & Bagheri Shirvan, M.(2014). Effect of intercropping different ratios on yield of soybean, sweet basil and borage. Journal of Crop Improvement, 16(1), 197-214. (In Persian with English Summary) https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2014.51952
45. Zhang, G., Yang, Z., & Dong, S.(2011). Interspecific competitiveness affects the total biomass yield in an alfalfa and corn intercropping system. Field Crops Research, 124, 66-73. https://doi.org/1016/j.fcr.2011.06.006
46. Zhang, L.Z., Werf, W.V., Bastiaans, L., Zhang, S., Li, B., & Spiertz, J.H.J.(2008). Light interception and utilization in relay intercrops of wheat and cotton. Field Crops Research, 107(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2007.12.014