Effects of Kallequchi Pistachio Green Hull (Pistacia vera) and Its Processed with Urea on Performance, Immune Response, and Blood Biochemical Indices and Jejunal Morphology in Broiler Chickens

پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران

Article 6, Volume 14, Issue 3 - Serial Number 51, September 2022, Pages 379-398   

Document Type: Research Articles

DOI: 10.22067/ijasr.2021.71865.1036

Authors

Raziyeh Ahmadi Kohanali; seyyed javad Hosseini-vashan^* ; Mohsen Mojtahedi; hadi sarir

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran

Abstract

Introduction: The use of agricultural and food industry by-products in animal feed leads to a reduction in breeding costs. In addition application of agricultural waste in poultry feed also reduces the environmentally harmful effects. One of these by-products is pistachio green peel, which is produced in food industries. Common pistachio (common pistachio in the market) with the scientific name Pistacia vera is a plant of the genus Anacardiaceae. Iran is the world's largest pistachio producer with 58% of the world's pistachio production. Research has shown that about four hundred thousand tons of pistachio by-products are produced annually in Iran and large volumes in the harvest season and high humidity of these products cause environmental pollution and pistachio orchards. Pistachio green peel has a parenchymal and fibrous structure and contains water, sugars, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, color compounds and terpenes. Green pistachio skin contains 4425.45 Kcal/kg of gross energy, 32.64% of dry matter, 11.24% of crude protein, 15.38% of crude fiber, 13.13% of ash, 5.79% of ether extract, 1.08 of calcium, 0.11% of phosphorus, 0.31% of magnesium, 4.44% of potassium. The concentrations of iron, manganese, copper and zinc in pistachio green peel are 660.68, 23.6, 16.23 and 5.27 mg/kg, respectively. There are significant amounts of alpha-pinene, alpha-terpinolene, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Food sources rich in phenolic compounds have a set of physiological properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-mutagenicity, lipoprotein oxidation inhibitor and have platelet aggregation, anti-inflammatory activity  and strengthen the immune response. The use of pistachio green peel extract improved the growth performance of broiler chickens, blood lipids and abdominal fat. The use of pistachio green skin extract in the diet of broiler infected with Staphylococcus aureus improved growth performance, increased antibody titer against sheep erythrocytes, decreased blood lipids and microbial population of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of Green Pistacia of kallequchi and it’s processed with urea on growth performance, blood indices, immune response and jejunum morphology of broiler chickens.
Materials and Methods: A total of 280 male broilers were randomly distributed in 28 experimental units including 7 treatments, 4 replicates and 10 chicks each. The experimental diets consisted of the levels of 0, 1.5, 3, and 5% of the raw and processed green hull of kallequchi pistachio. The broilers were fed with three dietary programs including starter (1-10 days), grower (11-24 days), and finisher (25-42 days). At the end of each period, the body weight gain and feed consumption were recorded and the feed conversion ratio was calculated. Two birds of each replicate were slaughtered and their blood was gathered to analyze the biochemical blood indices at 42 days of age. The data were analyzed with SAS software and the mean was compared with the Tukey test at 0.05.
Results and Discussion: The addition of green hull of pistachio and its processed to diets cause a decrease in the feed conversion ratio during the starter and the whole period of the experiment (P≤0.05). In the starter period, adding 3% of the green hull of the pistachio increased the body weight gain compared to the control (P <0.05). The pistachio green hull increased total antibody and immunoglobulin G antibody titer against sheep red blood cells compared to control (P≤0.05). Experimental diets decreased serum cholesterol and LDL concentrations compare to control (P≤0.05). The green hull of kallequchi pistachio and its processed increased the villus height and decreased villus width and the ratio of height to crypt depth compared to the control (P≤0.05). Different levels of kallequchi pistachio green hull and its processed increased relative weight of the breast, heart, burs fabricius and decreased abdominal fat compared to control (P≤0.05). The same findings were reported by researchers that pistachio green hull extract decreased blood lipids and increased the immune response of broiler chickens (Yousefi et al., 2018; Hosseini Vashan et al., 2020).
Conclusion: It is concluded that adding green hull of kallequchi pistachio up to 5% into broiler diets may improve growth performance, however, the addition of 3% could reduce cholesterol, FCR and improve the immune response of broiler chickens.

Keywords

Antibodies; Broiler chicks; Cholesterol; Lipid profiles; Pistachio

References

1. Ahmadi, K., Ebadi, R., Hatami, F., HosseinPour, R., & Abdshah, H. (2020). Agricultural Jihad Statistics ministry, Islamic Repulic of Iran, 3, Jihad Keshavarzi Pulication.
2. Amerah, A. M., Ravindran, V., & Lentle, R. G. (2009). Influence of insoluble fibre and whole wheat inclusion on the performance, digestive tract development and ileal microbiota profile of broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 50(3), 366-375.
3. Aminian, A., & Shaker Ardakani. A. (2008). Pistachio waste and application of them. 9. (In Persian).
4. 2005. Official methods of Analysis of the Association of official analytical.
5. Bohluli, A., Nasserian, A. A., Valizadeh, R., & Eftekhar shahrodi, F. (2010). The chemical composition, in vitro gas production and digestibility of pistachio by-products. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 2(1), 69-80. (In Persian).
6. Chahed, T., Dhifi, W., Hamrouni, I., Msaada, K., Bellila, A., Kchouk, M. E., & Marzouk, B. (2007). Comparison of pistachio hull essential oils from different Tunisian localities. The Italian Journal of Biochemistry, 56(1), 35-39.
7. Cheema, M. A., Qureshi, M. A., & Havenstein, G. B. (2003). A comparison of the immune response of a 2001 commercial broiler with a 1957 randombred broiler strain when fed representative 1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poultry Science, 82(10), 1519-1529.
8. Ebrahimpour, M., Haghparvar, R., Khazaeifar, S. R., Sasani, M., & Khosravi. F. (2014). The effect of a bacterial inoculant, urea and molasses on chemical composition, in vitro gas production and energy content of ensiled pomegranate (Punica granatum) seeds and peel pulp. Research opinion in Animal Veterinary Sciences, 4(1): 85-90. (In Persian).
9. Ghaffari, M. H., Tahmasbi, A. M., Khorvash, M., Naserian, A. A., & Vakili, A. R. (2014). Effects of pistachio by-products in replacement of alfalfa hay on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, and milk fatty acid composition in Saanen dairy goats fed a diet containing fish oil. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 42(2), 186-193.
10. Goli, A. H., Barzegar, M., & Sahari, M. A. (2005). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds of pistachio (Pistachia vera) hull extracts. Food Chemistry, 92(3), 521-525.
11. Golmohammadi, Y., and Nobakht. A. (2016). The effect of lemon pulp and organic acids on performance, intestinal morphology and blood parameters of broilers. Journal of Animal Production, 18(1), 129-140. (In Persian).
12. Goodarzi, M., Landy, N., & Nanekarani, S. (2013). Effect of onion (Allium cepa) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitution on performance, immune responses and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chicks. Health, 5(8), 1210.
13. Han, X., Shen, T., & Lou, H. (2007). Dietary polyphenols and their biological significance. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 8(9), 950-988.
14. Hetland, H., & Svihus, B. (2001). Effect of oat hulls on performance, gut capacity and feed passage time in broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 42(3), 354-361.
15. Hosseini-Vashan, S. J., Golian, A., Yaghobfar, A., Zarban, A., Afzali, N., & Esmaeilinasab, P. (2012). Antioxidant status, immune system, blood metabolites and carcass characteristic of broiler chickens fed turmeric rhizome powder under heat stress. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(94), 16118-16125.
16. Hosseini-Vashan, S. J., Sharifian, M., Piray, A. H., & Fathi-Nasri, M. H. (2020). Growth performance, carcass and blood traits, immunity, jejunal morphology and meat quality of heat-stressed broiler chickens fed urea-treated pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 267, 114553.
17. Hosseini-Vashan, S. J., Yosefi, H., Ghasi, S. E., & Namaee, M. H. (2020). Two types of pistachio hull extract (pistacia vera) on performance, blood indices and intestinal microbial population of broilers challenged with Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Veterinary Research, 75: 418-430. (In Persian).
18. Jiménez-Moreno, E., González-Alvarado, J. M., de Coca-Sinova, A., Lázaro, R. P., Cámara, L., & Mateos, G. G. (2019). Insoluble fiber sources in mash or pellets diets for young broilers. 2. Effects on gastrointestinal tract development and nutrient digestibility. Poultry Science, 98(6), 2531-2547.
19. Landy , Ghalamkari, G. H., & Toghyani, M. (2012). Evaluation of St John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitution on performance, carcass characteristics, some of the immune responses, and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chicks. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 6(3), 510-515.
20. Laudadio, V., Passantino, L., Perillo, A., Lopresti, G., Passantino, A., Khan, R. U., & Tufarelli, V. (2012). Productive performance and histological features of intestinal mucosa of broiler chickens fed different dietary protein levels. Poultry Science, 91(1), 265-270.
21. Manach, C., Scalbert, A., Morand, C., Rémésy, C., & Jiménez, L. (2004). Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79(5), 727-747.
22. Marzo, F., Urdaneta, E., & Santidrian, S. (2002). Liver proteolytic activity in tannic acid-fed birds. Poultry Science, 81(1), 92-94.
23. Mokhtarpour, A., Naserian, A.A., Valizadeh, R., & Tahmasebi, R. (2010). Effect of urea and polyethylenglycol on chemical characteristics of pistachio pell silage. 4^th Animal Science Congress, Mashad, Iran.
24. Nobakht, A., (2014). The effects of untreated and urea treated grape pulp consumption on performance, egg quality traits and some blood parameters of laying hens. Animal Science and Research Journal, 15, 27-36. (In Persian).
25. North, O. M. & Bell, D. O. (1990). Commercial Chicken Production Manual. 4^th, Springer Publication,
26. Pereira, J. A., Oliveira, I., Sousa, A., Valentão, P., Andrade, P. B., Ferreira, I. C. F. R., Ferreres, F., Bento, A., Seabra, R., & Estevinho, L. (2007). Walnut (Juglans regia) leaves: Phenolic compounds, antibacterial activity and antioxidant potential of different cultivars. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 45(11), 2287-2295.
27. Persia, M. E., Parsons, C. M., Schang, M., & Azcona, J. (2003). Nutritional evaluation of dried tomato seeds. Poultry Science, 82(1), 141-146.
28. Provenza, F. D. (1996). Acquired aversions as the basis for varied diets of ruminants foraging on rangelands. Journal of Animal Science, 74(8), 2010-2020.
29. Purreza, J., Sadeghi, G. A. & Mehri, M. (2005). Scot Chicken Nutrition. (Edited by Leeson and Summers). First printed, Arkan danesh, Esfahan, Iran. 295-297. (In Persian).
30. Rajaei, A., Barzegar, M., Mobarez, A. M., Sahari, M. A., & Esfahani, Z. H. (2010). Antioxidant, anti-microbial and antimutagenicity activities of pistachio (Pistachia vera) green hull extract. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(1), 107-112. https://doi.org/1016/j.fct.2009.09.023. PMID:19781589.
31. Rezvani, M. R., Rahimi, S., & Dadpasand, M. (2016). Effect of adding pomegranate peel powder to fat-containing diets on performance of broilers. Animal Production, 18, 335-346. (In Persian).
32. Sadeghi, K., and Noakht, A. (2016). The effect of lemon grape and apple pulps on performance, carcass traits, digestive tract characteristic, intestinal morphology and immune status of broilers. Iranian Journal of Animal Science Research, 7(4), 466-477. (In Persian).
33. Salarinia, A., Afzali, N., Hosseini-Vashan, S. J., & Bashtani, M. (2020). Evaluation of production index, protein and energy efficiency indices, biochemical blood traits and humoral immunity in broiler chickens fed different level and particle size of insoluble non-starch polysaccharide of rice and oat hull. Veterinary Research Biological Products, 125, 93-105. (In Persian).
34. Saleh, H., Golian, A., Kermanshahi, H., Mirakzehi, M. T., & Agah, M. J. (2015). Effects of natural antioxidants on the immune response, antioxidant enzymes and hematological broilers chickens. Iranian Veterinary Journal, 11, 67-79. (In Persian).
35. Salehi, M., Mirzaei, F., & Mahdavi, A. (2012). Effects of different levels of feeding of pistachio epicarp silage on wool characteristics of growing Afshari lambs. Agricultural Sciences, 3, 351-354. doi: 4236/as.2012.33040. (In Persian).
36. Shakeri, P., & Fazaeli, H. (2007). Evaluation the usage of different levels of pistachio peel in lamb diets. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 38(3), 529-534. (In Persian).
37. Tangestani, R., Alizadeh Doghikollaee, E., Ebrahimi, E., & Zare, P. (2011). Effect of garlic essential oil as an immunostimulant on hematological indices of juvenil beluga (huso huso). Journal of Veterinary Research, 66, 209-216. (In Persian).
38. Vahmani, P., Naserian, A. A., Valizadeh, R., & NasiriMoghdam, H. (2006). Pistachio hulls as a feed ingredients for lactating dairy cow at the mean of lactation. Agricultural Industry and Science Journal, 5, 201-210. (In Persian).
39. Valizadeh, R., Norouzian, M. A., Salemi, M., Ghiasi, E., & Yari, M. (2010). Effects of feeding Pistachio by-products on hematology and performance of Balouchi lambs. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(7), 1115-1119.
40. Viveros, A., Chamorro, S., Pizarro, M., Arija, I., Centeno, C., & Brenes, A. (2011). Effects of dietary polyphenol-rich grape products on intestinal microflora and gut morphology in broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 90(3), 566-578.
41. Wang, H., Nair, M. G., Strasburg, G. M., Chang, Y. C., Booren, A. M., Gray, J. I., & DeWitt, D. L. (1999). Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities of anthocyanins and their aglycon, cyanidin, from tart cherries. Journal of Natural Products, 62(2), 294-296.
42. Yosefi, H., Hosseini-Vashan, S. J., Ghiasi, S. E., & Namaei, M. H. (2018). Evaluation of performance, blood biochemical indices and immune response of broilers fed pistachio hull extract (Pistacia vera) of fandoghi and kaleghochi. Research of Anial Production, 9(20), 19-26. URL: http://rap.sanru.ac.ir/article-1-784-fa.html. (In Persian).