ارزیابی خصوصیات کمپوست زباله شهری غنی شده با پودر خون، پودر استخوان و خاک فسفات و تاثیر آن بر رشد اسفناج (.Spinacia oleracea L)

علوم باغبانی

مقاله 13، دوره 36، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 54، شهریور 1401، صفحه 505-518   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jhs.2021.72864.1097

نویسندگان

جواد آهوی¹؛ علیرضا آستارایی^{* 2}؛ رضا خراسانی²؛ امیر لکزیان³

¹گروه علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

²دانشیار گروه علوم خاک دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

³دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

استفاده از افزودنی‌های مختلف جهت غنی‌سازی و بهبود خصوصیات کمپوست تولید شده از جمله روش‌های مرسوم می‌باشد. در این تحقیق هدف بررسی تاثیر دو ترکیب آلی (پودر خون و پودر استخوان) و یک ترکیب معدنی (خاک فسفات) بر خصوصیات کمپوست زباله شهری و همچنین تاثیر این تیمارها بر خصوصیات رشدی و غلظت عناصر غذایی در گیاه اسفناج می‌باشد. این تحقیق در دو بخش جداگانه انجام شد. هدف بخش اول بررسی تاثیر افزودنی‌های آلی و معدنی بر خصوصیات کمپوست زباله شهری بود. فاکتورهای آزمایشی شامل چهار نوع کمپوست شاهد(بدون افزودنی)، همراه با 1 درصد پودر خون، با 1 درصد پودر استخوان و با 5 درصد خاک فسفات بودند. در بخش دوم این تحقیق و در یک آزمایش گلخانه‌ای تاثیر تیمارهای حاصل از کمپوست غنی شده بعلاوه یک تیمار شاهد (بدون کمپوست) بر خصوصیات رشدی و غلظت عناصر غذایی در اندام هوایی گیاه اسفناج مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج داده‌های کمپوست غنی‌سازی شده نشان داد که تیمارهای آزمایشی باعث کاهش هدایت الکتریکی و کربن آلی می­گردد که بیشترین کاهش در تیمار خاک فسفات به ترتیب با 5/14 درصد و 9/8 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد. کمترین نسبت C/N با 26/8  و بیشترین مقادیر نیتروژن با مقدار 5/2 درصد در تیمار پودر خون  بدست آمد. تیمار خاک فسفات باعث افزایش مقدار فسفر 215 درصدی در مقایسه با شاهد شد. اضافه کردن پودر خون باعث افزایش مقدار آهن شد بطوری که میزان آن به 6/706 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم رسید. میزان اسید هیومیک، شاخص هوموسی شدن و درجه پلیمریزاسیون در تیمار خاک فسفات به ترتیب با 72/5 درصد ، 48/28 و 54/56 دارای بیشترین مقادیر در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها بودند. تاثیر تیمارهای کمپوست غنی­سازی شده در کشت گلخانه نیز نشان از تاثیر مثبت این تیمارها بر وزن خشک گیاه بود. به طوری که بیشترین افزایش در تیمار پودر خون با مقدار 59 درصد نسبت به تیمار شاهد مشاهده شد، و بیشترین میزان جذب فسفر در تیمار خاک فسفات با 5/87 درصد رشد نسبت به تیمار شاهد ملاحظه گردید. بیشترین مقادیر جذب آهن و نیتروژن در اندام هوایی به ترتیب در تیمار پودر خون با 1177 میلی­گرم در کیلوگرم وزن خشک گیاه و 13/3 درصد بود. در این تحقیق پودر خون به عنوان بهترین تیمار در غنی‌سازی کمپوست زباله شهری مشخص شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

اسفناج؛ پودر استخوان؛ پودر خون؛ خاک فسفات؛ کمپوست زباله شهری

مراجع

1- Askari A., Khanmirzaei A., and Rezaei S. 2020. Vermicompost enrichment using organic wastes: nitrogen content and mineralization. Internaional Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 9: 151-160.

2- Agehara S., and Warncke D. 2005. Soil moisture and tempreture effects on nitrogen release from organic nitrogen resources. Soil Science Society of American Journal 69: 1844-1855. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0361.

3- Amir S., Benlboukht F., Cancian N., Winterton P., and Hafidi M. 2008. Physico-chemical analysis of tannery solid waste and structural characterization of its isolated humic acids after composting. Journal of Hazardous Materials 160: 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.017.

4- Anastasi A., Coppola T., Prigione V., and Varese G.C. 2009. Pyrene degradation and detoxification in soil by a consortium of basidiomycetes isolated from compost: role of laccases and peroxidases. Journal of Hazardous Materials 165: 1229–1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.032.

5- Barthod J., Rumpel C., and Dignac M.F. 2018. Composting with additives to improve organic amendments. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 38: 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0491-9.

6- Brady N., and Weil R. 2002. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Prentice, New Jersey, USA, 385, 495.

7- Bremner J.M., and Mulvaney C.S. 1982. Nitrogen-total, Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy. Book Series: Agronomy Monographs 31: 595-624. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c37

8- Brito L.M., Coutinho J., and Smith S.R. 2008. Methods to improve the composting process of the solid fraction of dairy cattle slurry. Bioresource Technology 99(18): 8955–8960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.005.

9- Cesaro A., Conte A., Belgiorno V., Siciliano A., and Guida M. 2019. The evolution of compost stability and maturity during the full-scale treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Journal of Environmental Management 232: 264-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.121.

10- Chandna P., Nain L., Singh, S and Kuhad, C. 2013. Assessment of bacterial diversity duringcomposting of agricultural byproducts. BMC Microbiology 2: 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-13-99.

11- Crecchio C., Curci M., Pizzigallo M., Ricciuti P., and Ruggiero P. 2004. Effects of municipal solid waste compost amendments on soil enzyme activities and bacterial genetic diversity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36: 1595–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.07.016.

12- Emami A. 1996. Plant analysis methods. First volume. Publication 982. Soil and Water Research Institute. 120 p. (In Persian)

13- Fallah Nezhad M., Peyvast GH.A., Olfati J.A., and Sammak B. 2014. Effects of chemical fertilization and organic fertilizer on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) yield and nitrate accumulation. Journal of Plant Production Research 21(1): 49-68. (In Persian with English abstract). 20.1001.1.23222050.1393.21.1.3.3.

14- FAO. 2009. World Soil Map, Revised Legend. Rome.

15- Felton G.K., Carr L.E., Prigge C.E., and Bouwkamp J.C. 2004. Nitrogen and phosphorous dynamics in cocomposted yard trimmings and broiler litter. Comp Sci Utiliz 12(4): 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2004.10702204.

16- Fracchia L., Dohrmann A.B., Martinotti M.G., and Tebbe C.C. 2006. Bacterial diversity in finished compost and vermicompost: differences revealed by cultivation-independent analyses of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 71(6): 942–952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-0228-y.

17- Garcia-Gil J.C., Ceppi S., Velasca M., Polo A., and Senesi N. 2004. Longterm effects of amendment with municipal solid waste compost on the elemental and acid functional group composition and pH-buffer capacity of soil humic acid. Geoderma 121: 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.11.004.

18- Garg P., Gupta A., and Staya S. 2006. Vermicomposting of different types of waste using Eisenia foetida: A comparative study. Bioresource Technology 97: 391-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.009.

19- George C.E., and Lauchli A. 1985. Phosphorus efficiency and phosphate-iron intraction in maize. Agronomy Journal 77: 399-403. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1985.00021962007700030011x.

20- Ghorbanzadeh N., Haghnia G.H, Lakzian A, and Fotovat A. 2009. Phosphorus avallabilty in a soil amended with bone meal. IR, Journal of Soil Reserch (Formerly Soil and Water Sci) 23(1): 69-77. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/ijsr.2009.126657.

21- Ginting N. 2020. Utilization of blood meal, slaughterhouse waste and bio gas slurry into fertilizer. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 3(2): 105–115 https://doi.org/10.32734/injar.v3i2.4267.

22 Gumiere T., Rousseau A.N., da Costa D.P., Cassetari A., Cotta S.R., Andreote F.D., and Pavinato P.S. 2019. Phosphorus source driving the soil microbial interactions and improving sugarcane development. Scientific Reports 9(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40910-1.

23- Hanninen M., and Himanen K. 2009. Effect of commercial mineral-based additives on composting and compost quality. Waste Management 29: 2265–2273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.016.

24- Hargreaves J.C., Adl M.S., and Warman P.R. 2007. A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 3085: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.07.004.

25- Hu C., Yang O., Li-xia1 W., Bai-xing Y., Ying-xin L., and Da-wei D. 2021. Phosphate rock reduces the bioavailability of heavy metals by influencing the bacterial communities during aerobic composting. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 220(5): 1137–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63300-7.

26- Iqbal M.K., Shafiq T., Hussain A., and Ahmed K. 2010. Effect of enrichment on chemical properties of MSW compost. Bioresource Technology 101: 5969–5977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.105.

27- Jeng A.S., Haraldsen T.K., Grønlund A., and Pedersen P.A. 2007. Meat and bone meal as nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to cereals and rye grass. In Advances in integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities (pp. 245-253). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5760-1_21.

28-Jeng A., Haraldsen T.K., Grønlund A., Vagstad N., and Tveitnes S. 2004. Meat and bone meal as nitrogen fertilizer to cereals in Norway. Agriculture Food Science 13: 268–275. https://doi.org/10.2137/1239099042643080.

29- Kakar K., Nitta, Y., Asagi N., Komatsuzaki M., Shiotau F., Kokubo T., and Xuan T.D. 2019. Morphological analysis on comparison of organic and chemical fertilizers on grain quality of rice at different planting densities. Plant Production Science 22: 510–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1657777.

30- Khalil M.K., Muhammad D., Qureshi S.U.R., Nawaz S., and Ishaq F. 2019. Impact of phosphorite on pH, electrical conductivity and water soluble phosphorous extracted from incubated citrus waste compost. Modern Chemistry 7(4): 109-115. http:// doi: 10.11648/j.mc.20190704.14.

31- Khandan A., and Astaraei A.R. 2005. Effents of organic (Municipal Waste Compost, Manure) and fertilizers on some physical properties of soil.  Desert 10(2): 361 To 368. (In Persian with English abstact)

32- Koenig R., and Johnson M. 1999. Selection and using organic fertilizers. Utah State University.

33- Lakhdar A., Rabhi M., Ghnaya T., Montemurro F., Jedidi N., and Abdelly C. 2009. Effectiveness of compost use in salt-affected soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 171(1-3): 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.132.

34- Li H., Zhang T., Tsang D.C.W., and Li G. 2020. Effects of external additives: Biochar, bentonite, phosphate, on co-composting for swine manure and corn straw. Chemosphere 248: 125927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125927.

35- Michael L., Berrow and Stein M. 1983. Extraction of Metals from Soils and Sewage Sludges by Refluxing with Aqua Regia. Analyst 108: 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9830800277.

36- Montemurro F., Maiorana M., Convertini G., and Ferri D. 2006. Compost organic amendments in fodder crops: effects on yield, nitrogen utilization and soil characteristics. Compost Sciece Utilization 14(2): 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2006.10702272.

37-Mohasseli V., and Farbood F. 2019. The possibility of replacing blood powder instead of Fe EDDHA consumption in Melissa Officinalis L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 17(3): 457-465. (In Persian with English abstract)

38-Mortvedt J.J. 1973. Micronutrient in agriculture. Chapter 11. P: 240-243.

39- Mousa S. 2004. Effect of blood meal on soil fertility, growth and yield of organic zucchini grown under greenhouse in South of Morocco. Théses et Masters (CIHEAM).

40- Muhammad K.I., Tahira S., Anwar H., and Khurshed A. 2010. Effect of enrichment on chemical properties of MSW compost. Bioresource Technology 101: 5969–5977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.105.

41- Munoz-Vega P., Paillan, H., Serri H., Donnay D., Sanhueza C., Merino E., and Hirzel J. 2016. Effects of organic fertilizers on the vegetative, nutritional, and productive parameters of blueberries’ Corona’,’Legacy’, and’Liberty’. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 76(2): 201-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392016000200010

42- Nemadodzi L.E., Araya H., Nkomo M., Ngezimana W., and Mudau N.F. 2017. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium effects on the physiology and biomass yield of baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Journal of Plant Nutrition 40(14): 2033-2044. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2017.1346121.

43- Oleszczuk P. 2007. Investigation on potentially bioavailable and sequestrated forms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during sewage sludge composting. Chemosphere 70:288–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.011.

44- Olsen S.R., and Sommers L.E. 1982. Phosphorus. In: Page, A.L., et al. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. ASA Monograph 9: 403–430.

45- Pergola M., Persiani A., Palese A.M., Di Meo V., Pastore V., D’Adamo C., and Celano G. 2018. Composting: The way for a sustainable agriculture. Applied Soil Ecology 123: 744-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.10.016.

46-Preetipande M., Anwar S.C., Yadov V., and Patra, D. 2007. Optimal level of Iron and Zinc in relation to its influence on herb yield and protection of essential oil in menthol mint. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 38: 561-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620701215627.

47- Qi B.C., Aldrich C., and Lorenzen L. 2004. Effect of ultrasonication on the humic acids extracted from lignocellulose substrate decomposed by anaerobic digestion. Chemical Engineering Journal 98: 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2003.07.002.

48- Reymond M., Svistoonoff S., Loudet O., Nussaume L., and Desnos T. 2006. Identification of QTL controlling root growth response to phosphate starvation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Plant, Cell and Environment 29: 115–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01405.x.

49- Saber M., Mohammed Z., Badr-el-Din S., and Awad N. 2011. Composting certain agricultural residues to potting soils. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment 3(3):78–84.

50- Satisha G.C., and Devarajan L. 2005. Humic substances and their complexation with phosphorous and calcium during composting of pressmud and other biodegradable. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36: 805–818. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200049454.

51- Senesi N., Miano T.M., and Brunetti G. 1996. Humic-like substances in organic amendments and effects on native soil humic substances, in: Piccolo, A., (Ed.). Humic substances in terrestrial ecosystems; p. 531–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044481516-3/50015-3.

52- Singh C.P., and Amberger A. 1990. Humic substances in straw compost with rack phosphate. Biodegradable Wastes 31: 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90156-M.

53-Singh R. and Sinha M.K. 1977. Reactions of iron chelates in calcareous soil and their relative efficiency in iron nutrition of corn. Plant and Soil 46:17-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00693111.

54- Soumare M., Tack F., and Verloo M. 2003. Characterisation of Malian and Belgian solid waste composts with respect to fertility and suitability for land application. Waste Management 23: 517–522. https://doi:10.1016/s0956-053x(03)00067-9

55- Suthar S. 2007, Vermicomposting potential of Perionyx sansibaricus (Perrier) in different waste materials. –Bioresource Technology 98: 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00067-9.

56- Toljander J.F., Santos-González J.C., Tehler A., and Finlay R.D. 2008. Community analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria in the maize mycorrhizosphere in a long-term fertilization trial. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 65(2): 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00512.x.

57- Walkley A., and IA Black. 1934. Chromic acid titration for determination of soil organic matter. Soil Science 63: 251.

58- Walter I., Martinez F., and Cuevas G. 2006. Plant and soil responses to the application of composted MSW in a degraded, semiarid shrubland in central Spain. Compost Science Utilization 14(2): 147–154.  https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2006.10702276.  

59- Wolkowski R. 2003, Nitrogen management considerations for landspreading municipal solid waste compost. Journal Environment Quality 32: 1844–1850. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2006.10702276.

60- Wong J.W.C., and Fang M. 2000, Effect of lime addition on sewage sludge composting process. Water Resource 34(15): 3691–3698.  https://doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00116-0.

61- Yunta F., Foggia M., and Bellido-Dıá z V. 2013. Blood meal-based compound. Good choice as iron fertilizer for organic farming. Agriculture Food Chemistry 61: 3995−4003. https://doi: 10.1021/jf305563b.

62- Zhang M., and Yang L. 2008. Effect of tillage, fertilizer and green manure cropping on soil quality at an abandoned brick making site. Soil and Tillage Research 93: 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.03.016.

63- Zhang Z., Zhao Y., Wang R., Lu Q., Wu J., Zhang D., Nie Z., and Wei Z. 2018. Effect of the addition of exogenous precursors on humic substance formation during composting. Waste Management 79: 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.025.

64- Zhou H., Meng H., Zhao L., Shen Y., Hou Y., Cheng H., and Song L. 2018. Effect of biochar and humic acid on the copper, lead, and cadmium passivation during composting. Bioresource Technology 258: 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.086.