Evaluation of Characteristics of Municipal Waste Compost Enriched with Blood Powder, Bone Powder and Phosphate Soil and Its Impact on Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Growth

علوم باغبانی

Article 13, Volume 36, Issue 2 - Serial Number 54, June 2022, Pages 505-518   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jhs.2021.72864.1097

Authors

J. َAhooei; A. R. Astaraei^* ; R. Khorassani; A. Lakzian

Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
 Management of municipal wastes as well as their reuse is one of major concerns of researchers in recent decades due to the expansion of urbanization and increase in production of municipal waste. Composting and use of municipal waste is one of the solutions used in the management of these materials. Implementation of various additives to enrich and improve the properties of the produced compost is one of the common methods to increase the efficiency of produced compost. Different organic and inorganic compounds are used to enrich the produced compost. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two organic compounds (blood powder and bone powder) and a mineral compound (phosphate soil) on the composting properties of municipal waste. It was also our goal to find the effect of these treatments on growth characteristics and concentration of nutrients in shoot of spinach was evaluated.
Materials and Methods
 This research was conducted in two stages. The purpose of the first part was to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic additives on the properties of municipal waste compost. Experimental factors included four types of composts including control compost (without additives); compost plus 1% blood powder; compost plus 1% bone powder and compost plus 5% phosphate soil. After sieving the waste and removing the waste leachate, about 60 kg of waste was weighed for each treatment and placed in plastic barrels with a volume of 100 liters for better control of aeration conditions. The compost ripening factors were stable after 90 days, when it was screened and materials were separated, then some of its properties include acidity, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, iron, humic acid, fulvic acid,  and other parameters including humification ratio, humification index and degree of polymerisation were measured. In the second phase, the effect of compost enriched with blood powder, bone powder and phosphate soil treatments was compared with control treatment (without compost) on growth characteristics and nutrient concentrations in spinach shoots in a greenhouse experiment. For this purpose, pots (with a diameter of 25 cm and a height of 30 cm) were packed with 8 kg of soil in which enriched composts was mixed in 5 g compost/kg of soil ratio. After preparing the pot, the humidity reached 65% of the field capacity and after 25 days, 6 spinach seeds (Spinacia oleracea L.) were planted. After 50 days of planting, the plants were harvested and parameters such as shoot dry weight, leaf area, nitrogen, iron and phosphorus were measured.
Results and Discussion
 Results of enriched compost showed that the highest amount of reduction in EC (with 14.5%) and OC (with 8.9%) was resulted in phosphate soil treatment and the highest reduction in C/N ratio (with 46.8%) was related to blood powder treatment. Regarding to the other variables, the highest N and Fe concentrations was related to the blood powder treatment with 2.5% and 706.6 mg/Kg and the highest P content with 1.66% was observed in phosphate soil treatment which had a significant difference with control. Regarding to the Humification indices the highest difference with the control treatment in Fulvic acid content with 24.5% was related to bone powder treatment, that of Humic acid content with 32.4% and Polymerization rate with 43% was related to phosphate soil. In this experiment, the amount of organic carbon was expected to increase in blood powder and bone powder treatments, which was not the case. This may be due to the effect of these treatments on increasing microbial activity such as microbial respiration and increasing the decomposition of organic carbon which ultimately leads to a decrease in the amount of organic carbon. The increase in EC in organic treatments compared to inorganic treatments may be due to weight loss of organic matter and release of various mineral salts. The effect of experimental treatments in the greenhouse section also showed that highest difference in plant dry weight compared to the control was related to the blood powder treatment with 59% increase and regarding to the leaf area with 31.9% increase through application of the blood powder and phosphate treatments. The highest amount of Fe and N absorption in spinach shoots was also observed in blood powder treatment with 1177 mg/Kg and 3.13% respectively. Phosphate soil with high amounts of phosphorus increased the amount of this element in the shoots of spinach. The two combinations of blood powder and bone powder caused a significant increase in these elements in the compost and in most of the measured parameters, due to their high amounts of nitrogen and iron. These two organic substances were significantly different from the control.
Conclusion
 The results of this study showed that the enrichment of municipal waste compost using organic and inorganic additives can compensate for the lack of some elements in the compost and further increase the growth of spinach. Adding blood powder increased the concentration of iron and nitrogen in the shoot and decreased the C/N ratio compared to the control treatment. Also, the positive effect of phosphate soil and bone powder are effective in increasing the phosphorus content of compost. In addition, the combination of phosphate soil with municipal waste compost due to the formation of more stable materials such as humic acid and folic acid prevents their subsequent wastage. Finally, it can be concluded that in this experiment, two treatments of blood powder and phosphate soil have the best effect on enrichment and they had increased growth characteristics of spinach and in general, and blood powder was selected as the best treatment.

Keywords

Blood powder; Bone powder; Municipal waste compost; Phosphate soil; Spinach

References

1- Askari A., Khanmirzaei A., and Rezaei S. 2020. Vermicompost enrichment using organic wastes: nitrogen content and mineralization. Internaional Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 9: 151-160.

2- Agehara S., and Warncke D. 2005. Soil moisture and tempreture effects on nitrogen release from organic nitrogen resources. Soil Science Society of American Journal 69: 1844-1855. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2004.0361.

3- Amir S., Benlboukht F., Cancian N., Winterton P., and Hafidi M. 2008. Physico-chemical analysis of tannery solid waste and structural characterization of its isolated humic acids after composting. Journal of Hazardous Materials 160: 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.017.

4- Anastasi A., Coppola T., Prigione V., and Varese G.C. 2009. Pyrene degradation and detoxification in soil by a consortium of basidiomycetes isolated from compost: role of laccases and peroxidases. Journal of Hazardous Materials 165: 1229–1233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.10.032.

5- Barthod J., Rumpel C., and Dignac M.F. 2018. Composting with additives to improve organic amendments. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 38: 17-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0491-9.

6- Brady N., and Weil R. 2002. The Nature and Properties of Soils. Prentice, New Jersey, USA, 385, 495.

7- Bremner J.M., and Mulvaney C.S. 1982. Nitrogen-total, Methods of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy. Book Series: Agronomy Monographs 31: 595-624. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.3.c37

8- Brito L.M., Coutinho J., and Smith S.R. 2008. Methods to improve the composting process of the solid fraction of dairy cattle slurry. Bioresource Technology 99(18): 8955–8960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.05.005.

9- Cesaro A., Conte A., Belgiorno V., Siciliano A., and Guida M. 2019. The evolution of compost stability and maturity during the full-scale treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. Journal of Environmental Management 232: 264-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.121.

10- Chandna P., Nain L., Singh, S and Kuhad, C. 2013. Assessment of bacterial diversity duringcomposting of agricultural byproducts. BMC Microbiology 2: 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-13-99.

11- Crecchio C., Curci M., Pizzigallo M., Ricciuti P., and Ruggiero P. 2004. Effects of municipal solid waste compost amendments on soil enzyme activities and bacterial genetic diversity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 36: 1595–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.07.016.

12- Emami A. 1996. Plant analysis methods. First volume. Publication 982. Soil and Water Research Institute. 120 p. (In Persian)

13- Fallah Nezhad M., Peyvast GH.A., Olfati J.A., and Sammak B. 2014. Effects of chemical fertilization and organic fertilizer on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) yield and nitrate accumulation. Journal of Plant Production Research 21(1): 49-68. (In Persian with English abstract). 20.1001.1.23222050.1393.21.1.3.3.

14- FAO. 2009. World Soil Map, Revised Legend. Rome.

15- Felton G.K., Carr L.E., Prigge C.E., and Bouwkamp J.C. 2004. Nitrogen and phosphorous dynamics in cocomposted yard trimmings and broiler litter. Comp Sci Utiliz 12(4): 349–355. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2004.10702204.

16- Fracchia L., Dohrmann A.B., Martinotti M.G., and Tebbe C.C. 2006. Bacterial diversity in finished compost and vermicompost: differences revealed by cultivation-independent analyses of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 71(6): 942–952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-005-0228-y.

17- Garcia-Gil J.C., Ceppi S., Velasca M., Polo A., and Senesi N. 2004. Longterm effects of amendment with municipal solid waste compost on the elemental and acid functional group composition and pH-buffer capacity of soil humic acid. Geoderma 121: 135–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2003.11.004.

18- Garg P., Gupta A., and Staya S. 2006. Vermicomposting of different types of waste using Eisenia foetida: A comparative study. Bioresource Technology 97: 391-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.03.009.

19- George C.E., and Lauchli A. 1985. Phosphorus efficiency and phosphate-iron intraction in maize. Agronomy Journal 77: 399-403. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1985.00021962007700030011x.

20- Ghorbanzadeh N., Haghnia G.H, Lakzian A, and Fotovat A. 2009. Phosphorus avallabilty in a soil amended with bone meal. IR, Journal of Soil Reserch (Formerly Soil and Water Sci) 23(1): 69-77. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22092/ijsr.2009.126657.

21- Ginting N. 2020. Utilization of blood meal, slaughterhouse waste and bio gas slurry into fertilizer. Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 3(2): 105–115 https://doi.org/10.32734/injar.v3i2.4267.

22 Gumiere T., Rousseau A.N., da Costa D.P., Cassetari A., Cotta S.R., Andreote F.D., and Pavinato P.S. 2019. Phosphorus source driving the soil microbial interactions and improving sugarcane development. Scientific Reports 9(1): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40910-1.

23- Hanninen M., and Himanen K. 2009. Effect of commercial mineral-based additives on composting and compost quality. Waste Management 29: 2265–2273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.016.

24- Hargreaves J.C., Adl M.S., and Warman P.R. 2007. A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 3085: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2007.07.004.

25- Hu C., Yang O., Li-xia1 W., Bai-xing Y., Ying-xin L., and Da-wei D. 2021. Phosphate rock reduces the bioavailability of heavy metals by influencing the bacterial communities during aerobic composting. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 220(5): 1137–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63300-7.

26- Iqbal M.K., Shafiq T., Hussain A., and Ahmed K. 2010. Effect of enrichment on chemical properties of MSW compost. Bioresource Technology 101: 5969–5977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.105.

27- Jeng A.S., Haraldsen T.K., Grønlund A., and Pedersen P.A. 2007. Meat and bone meal as nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer to cereals and rye grass. In Advances in integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and opportunities (pp. 245-253). Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5760-1_21.

28-Jeng A., Haraldsen T.K., Grønlund A., Vagstad N., and Tveitnes S. 2004. Meat and bone meal as nitrogen fertilizer to cereals in Norway. Agriculture Food Science 13: 268–275. https://doi.org/10.2137/1239099042643080.

29- Kakar K., Nitta, Y., Asagi N., Komatsuzaki M., Shiotau F., Kokubo T., and Xuan T.D. 2019. Morphological analysis on comparison of organic and chemical fertilizers on grain quality of rice at different planting densities. Plant Production Science 22: 510–518. https://doi.org/10.1080/1343943X.2019.1657777.

30- Khalil M.K., Muhammad D., Qureshi S.U.R., Nawaz S., and Ishaq F. 2019. Impact of phosphorite on pH, electrical conductivity and water soluble phosphorous extracted from incubated citrus waste compost. Modern Chemistry 7(4): 109-115. http:// doi: 10.11648/j.mc.20190704.14.

31- Khandan A., and Astaraei A.R. 2005. Effents of organic (Municipal Waste Compost, Manure) and fertilizers on some physical properties of soil.  Desert 10(2): 361 To 368. (In Persian with English abstact)

32- Koenig R., and Johnson M. 1999. Selection and using organic fertilizers. Utah State University.

33- Lakhdar A., Rabhi M., Ghnaya T., Montemurro F., Jedidi N., and Abdelly C. 2009. Effectiveness of compost use in salt-affected soil. Journal of Hazardous Materials 171(1-3): 29-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.132.

34- Li H., Zhang T., Tsang D.C.W., and Li G. 2020. Effects of external additives: Biochar, bentonite, phosphate, on co-composting for swine manure and corn straw. Chemosphere 248: 125927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125927.

35- Michael L., Berrow and Stein M. 1983. Extraction of Metals from Soils and Sewage Sludges by Refluxing with Aqua Regia. Analyst 108: 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1039/AN9830800277.

36- Montemurro F., Maiorana M., Convertini G., and Ferri D. 2006. Compost organic amendments in fodder crops: effects on yield, nitrogen utilization and soil characteristics. Compost Sciece Utilization 14(2): 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2006.10702272.

37-Mohasseli V., and Farbood F. 2019. The possibility of replacing blood powder instead of Fe EDDHA consumption in Melissa Officinalis L. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 17(3): 457-465. (In Persian with English abstract)

38-Mortvedt J.J. 1973. Micronutrient in agriculture. Chapter 11. P: 240-243.

39- Mousa S. 2004. Effect of blood meal on soil fertility, growth and yield of organic zucchini grown under greenhouse in South of Morocco. Théses et Masters (CIHEAM).

40- Muhammad K.I., Tahira S., Anwar H., and Khurshed A. 2010. Effect of enrichment on chemical properties of MSW compost. Bioresource Technology 101: 5969–5977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.105.

41- Munoz-Vega P., Paillan, H., Serri H., Donnay D., Sanhueza C., Merino E., and Hirzel J. 2016. Effects of organic fertilizers on the vegetative, nutritional, and productive parameters of blueberries’ Corona’,’Legacy’, and’Liberty’. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 76(2): 201-212. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392016000200010

42- Nemadodzi L.E., Araya H., Nkomo M., Ngezimana W., and Mudau N.F. 2017. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium effects on the physiology and biomass yield of baby spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Journal of Plant Nutrition 40(14): 2033-2044. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2017.1346121.

43- Oleszczuk P. 2007. Investigation on potentially bioavailable and sequestrated forms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during sewage sludge composting. Chemosphere 70:288–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.011.

44- Olsen S.R., and Sommers L.E. 1982. Phosphorus. In: Page, A.L., et al. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. ASA Monograph 9: 403–430.

45- Pergola M., Persiani A., Palese A.M., Di Meo V., Pastore V., D’Adamo C., and Celano G. 2018. Composting: The way for a sustainable agriculture. Applied Soil Ecology 123: 744-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.10.016.

46-Preetipande M., Anwar S.C., Yadov V., and Patra, D. 2007. Optimal level of Iron and Zinc in relation to its influence on herb yield and protection of essential oil in menthol mint. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 38: 561-578. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103620701215627.

47- Qi B.C., Aldrich C., and Lorenzen L. 2004. Effect of ultrasonication on the humic acids extracted from lignocellulose substrate decomposed by anaerobic digestion. Chemical Engineering Journal 98: 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2003.07.002.

48- Reymond M., Svistoonoff S., Loudet O., Nussaume L., and Desnos T. 2006. Identification of QTL controlling root growth response to phosphate starvation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Plant, Cell and Environment 29: 115–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01405.x.

49- Saber M., Mohammed Z., Badr-el-Din S., and Awad N. 2011. Composting certain agricultural residues to potting soils. Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment 3(3):78–84.

50- Satisha G.C., and Devarajan L. 2005. Humic substances and their complexation with phosphorous and calcium during composting of pressmud and other biodegradable. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36: 805–818. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200049454.

51- Senesi N., Miano T.M., and Brunetti G. 1996. Humic-like substances in organic amendments and effects on native soil humic substances, in: Piccolo, A., (Ed.). Humic substances in terrestrial ecosystems; p. 531–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044481516-3/50015-3.

52- Singh C.P., and Amberger A. 1990. Humic substances in straw compost with rack phosphate. Biodegradable Wastes 31: 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(90)90156-M.

53-Singh R. and Sinha M.K. 1977. Reactions of iron chelates in calcareous soil and their relative efficiency in iron nutrition of corn. Plant and Soil 46:17-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00693111.

54- Soumare M., Tack F., and Verloo M. 2003. Characterisation of Malian and Belgian solid waste composts with respect to fertility and suitability for land application. Waste Management 23: 517–522. https://doi:10.1016/s0956-053x(03)00067-9

55- Suthar S. 2007, Vermicomposting potential of Perionyx sansibaricus (Perrier) in different waste materials. –Bioresource Technology 98: 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(03)00067-9.

56- Toljander J.F., Santos-González J.C., Tehler A., and Finlay R.D. 2008. Community analysis of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria in the maize mycorrhizosphere in a long-term fertilization trial. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 65(2): 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00512.x.

57- Walkley A., and IA Black. 1934. Chromic acid titration for determination of soil organic matter. Soil Science 63: 251.

58- Walter I., Martinez F., and Cuevas G. 2006. Plant and soil responses to the application of composted MSW in a degraded, semiarid shrubland in central Spain. Compost Science Utilization 14(2): 147–154.  https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2006.10702276.  

59- Wolkowski R. 2003, Nitrogen management considerations for landspreading municipal solid waste compost. Journal Environment Quality 32: 1844–1850. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2006.10702276.

60- Wong J.W.C., and Fang M. 2000, Effect of lime addition on sewage sludge composting process. Water Resource 34(15): 3691–3698.  https://doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00116-0.

61- Yunta F., Foggia M., and Bellido-Dıá z V. 2013. Blood meal-based compound. Good choice as iron fertilizer for organic farming. Agriculture Food Chemistry 61: 3995−4003. https://doi: 10.1021/jf305563b.

62- Zhang M., and Yang L. 2008. Effect of tillage, fertilizer and green manure cropping on soil quality at an abandoned brick making site. Soil and Tillage Research 93: 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.03.016.

63- Zhang Z., Zhao Y., Wang R., Lu Q., Wu J., Zhang D., Nie Z., and Wei Z. 2018. Effect of the addition of exogenous precursors on humic substance formation during composting. Waste Management 79: 462–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.025.

64- Zhou H., Meng H., Zhao L., Shen Y., Hou Y., Cheng H., and Song L. 2018. Effect of biochar and humic acid on the copper, lead, and cadmium passivation during composting. Bioresource Technology 258: 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.086.