Mineralogy, fluid inclusions and genesis of the Middle Triassic carbonate-hosted Chah-‌Mileh Pb-Zn deposit (NE Anarak), Central Iran

زمین شناسی اقتصادی

Article 3, Volume 14, Issue 2 - Serial Number 33, 2022, Pages 29-64   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/econg.2021.69561.1012

Authors

Behzad Mehrabi¹; Nafiseh Chaghaneh^{* 2}; Ebrahim Tale fazel³

¹Professor, Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Earth Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

²Ph.D. Student, Department of Geochemistry, Faculty of Earth Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

³Assistant Professor, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
The Himalayan-Tibetan and Zagros Mountain ranges which are the youngest and most extensive continental-collision orogens in Tethyan domain host many important sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, including the world-class Jinding, Huoshaoyun, Mehdiabad, and Angouran deposits (Reynolds and Large, 2010; Rajabi et al., 2012; Rajabi et al., 2015; Hou and Zhang, 2015; Song et al., 2017). More than 300 sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits and occurrences have been identified in Iran (Rajabi et al., 2013). Cretaceous and Triassic carbonate successions are the most common host rocks for these deposits, which are largely distributed in both the Malayer-Esfahan metallogenic belt (MEMB) and the Yazd-Anarak metallogenic belt (YAMB) (Rajabi et al., 2012). The YAMB is located at the Yazd Block, northern margin of the Central Iranian Plate. Several Pb-Zn deposits and occurrences such as Mehdiabad, Nakhlak, Hovz-e-Sefid, Darreh-Zanjir, Mansurabad, Chah-Kharboze and Chah-­Mileh have been identified distinguished at YAMB. The Chah-­Mileh deposit is in 30 km northeast Anarak, 220 km northeast of Isfahan, YAMB. The Chah-­Mileh Pb-Zn district is located in the Anarak Metamorphic Complex (AMC). There are three Pb-Zn deposits that have been recognized at the Chah-­Mileh district, including Kuh-e Mileh, Mazra-e Deraz, and Seilacho. In this paper, we investigate geology, texture, mineralogy, alterations, fluid inclusions and genesis of the Chah-­Mileh Pb-Zn deposit. The present research study provides more insight into understanding of geology and mineralization conditions in the study area with an implication for future exploration.
 
Materials and methods
A total of 120 samples were collected from the host rocks and ore deposit. They were studied by a transmitted/reflected polarizing microscope, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDS). Thin sections were stained  to differentiate calcite and dolomite according to the method of Dickson (1966). Fluid inclusion microthermometry was performed using a Linkam THMS600 heating-freezing stage (-190 °C to +600 °C) mounted on a ZEISS Axioplan2 microscope at the Kharazmi University (Tehran). Fluid salinity (wt.% NaCl eq.) and density (g/cm³) were calculated using the FLINCOR v.1.4 (Brown, 1989) and FLUIDS (Bakker, 2012).
 
Results and discussion
The Chah-­Mileh Pb-Zn is a stratabound and epigenetic deposit hosted in dolomitic marble of the Chah-Gorbeh Complex with Middle Triassic age. Mineralization is composed of sulfide minerals (e.g., galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and minor pyrite) and non-sulfide minerals (e.g., cerussite, mimetite, wulfenite, litharge, hemimorphite, smithsonite, malachite, hematite, goethite). The gangue minerals are mainly composed of quartz, dolomite, calcite, and barite. Silicification and dolomitization are the two main types of hydrothermal alterations. Three mineralization stages were recognized in the Chah-Mile deposit: 1) pre mineralization stage characterized by fine-grained disseminated pyrite, 2) main hydrothermal stage characterized by galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite and 3) post-ore mineralization consisting of secondary sulfides and non-sulfide. Four types of fluid inclusions including two-phase liquid-rich (LV), two-phase vapor-rich (VL), monophase liquid (L), and monophase vapor (V) were observed in the dolomite, quartz and calcite. Microthermometric measurements show that ore minerals were precipitated from low-temperature (81 to 167 °C) and moderate salinity fluids (7.02-22.2 wt.% NaCl eq.). Basinal hydrothermal fluids were responsible for ore mineralization at the Chah-­Mileh deposit. Ore mineralization at the Chah-­Mileh deposit has been formed as a result of fluid mixing. The formation of large siliceous zones in an area is a sign of hydrothermal fluid rising to the surface and mixing and diluting with low-temperature meteoric waters. Considering all the geological evidence, mineralization style, orebody texture and structure, alterations and fluid inclusion microthermometry, it may be inferred that the Chah-­Mileh deposit is similar to the Mississippi Valley-type deposits.

Keywords

Dolomitic alteration; Carbonate-hosted; Mississippi Valley-type; Lead-Zinc; Central Iran; Anarak; Chah-‌Mileh

References

Adams, J.J., Rostron, B.J. and Mendoza, C.A., 2000. Evidence for two-fluid mixing at Pine Point, NWT. Geochemical Exploration, 69-70(C): 103-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(00)00014-5

Aghanabati, A., 1998. Major sedimentary and structural units of Iran (map). Geosciences, 7: 29-30. Retrieved September 6, 2021 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287773361

Aghanabati, A., 2004. Geology of Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, 586 pp. (in Persian)

Ahmadian, J., Murata, M., Nadimi, A., Ozawz, H. and Kozai, T., 2014. Active tectonics of Iran deduced from earthquakes, active faulting and GPS evidences. Bulletin of Center for Collaboration in Community Naruto University of Education, 28(2): 11–22.  Retrieved September 6, 2021 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301230362

Ahmad, S.N. and Rose, A.W., 1980. Fluid inclusions in porphyry and skarn ore at Santa Rita, New Mexico. Economic Geology, 75(2): 229–250. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.75.2.229

Bagheri, S., 2007. The exotic Paleo-tethys terrane in Central Iran: new geological data from Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam areas. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leusanne, Leusanne, Switzerland, 232 pp.

Bagheri, H., Moore, F. and Alderton, D.H.M., 2007. Cu-Ni-Co-As (U) mineralization in the Anarak area of central Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 29(5-6): 651–665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2006.03.011

Bagheri, S. and Stampfli, G.M., 2008. The Anarak, Jandaq and Posht-e-Badam metamorphic complexes in central Iran: New geological data, relationships and tectonic implications. Tectonophysics, 451(1-4): 123–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.047

Bakker, R.J., 2012. Package FLUIDS. Part 4: thermodynamic modeling and purely empirical equations for H₂O-NaCl-KCl solutions. Mineralogy and petrology, 105(1-2): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-012-0192-z

Balci, N., Mayer, B., Shanks III, W.C. and Mandernack, K.W., 2012. Oxygen and sulfur isotope systematics of sulfate produced during abiotic and bacterial oxidation of sphalerite and elemental sulfur. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 77: 335–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2011.10.022

Bazin, B., Brosse, E. and Sommer, F., 1997. Chemistry of oil-field brines in relation to diagenesis of reservoirs 1. Use of mineral stability fields to reconstruct in situ water composition. Example of the Mahakam basin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 14(5): 481–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8172(97)00004-4

Bertorino, G., Caredda, A.M., Ibba, A. and Zuddas, P., 1995. Weathering of Pb-Zn mine tailings in pH buffered environment. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction, Wladiwostok, Russia. Retrieved September 6, 2021 from https://www.tib.eu/en/search/id/BLCP:CN013924388

Bladh, K.W., 1982. The formation of goethite, jarosite, and alunite during the weathering of sulfide-bearing felsic rocks. Economic Geology, 77(1): 176–184. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.77.1.176

Boiron, M.C., Cathelineau, M. and Richard, A., 2010. Fluid flows and metal deposition near basement/cover unconformity: lessons and analogies from Pb-Zn-F-Ba systems for the understanding of Proterozoic U deposits. Geofluids, 10(1–2): 270–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2010.00289.x

Boni, M. and Mondillo, N., 2015. The Calamines and the Others: The great family of supergene nonsulfide zinc ores. Ore Geology Reviews, 67: 208–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.025

Bouabdellah, M., Sangster, D.F., Leach, D.L., Brown, A.C., Johnson, C.A. and Emsbo, P., 2012. Genesis of the Touissit-Bou Beker Mississippi valley-type district (Morocco-Algeria) and its relationship to the Africa-Europe collision. Economic Geology, 107(1): 117–146. https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.1.117

Brown, P.E., 1989. FLINCOR: a microcomputer program for the reduction and investigation of fluid inclusion data. American Mineralogist, 74(11–12): 1390–1393. Retrieved September 6, 2021 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/74/11-12/1390/42220

Brugger, J., McPhail, D.‌C., Wallace, M. and Waters, J., 2003. Formation of Willemite in Hydrothermal Environments. Economic Geology, 98(4): 819–835. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.4.819

Buchs, D.M., Bagheri, S., Martin, L., Hermann, J. and Arculus, R., 2013. Paleozoic to Triassic ocean opening and closure preserved in Central Iran: Constraints from the geochemistry of meta-igneous rocks of the Anarak area. Lithos, 172–173: 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.02.009

Choulet, F., Charles, N., Barbanson, L., Branquet, Y., Sizaret, S., Ennaciri, A., Badra, L. and Chen, Y., 2014. Non-sulfide zinc deposits of the Moroccan High Atlas: Multi-scale characterization and origin. Ore Geology Reviews, 56: 115–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.08.015

Choulet, F., Richard, J., Boiron, M.C., Dekoninck, A. and Yans, J., 2019. Distribution of trace elements in willemite from the Belgium non-sulphide deposits. European Journal of Mineralogy, 31(5–6): 983–997. https://doi.org/10.1127/ejm/2019/0031-2871

Corbella, M., Ayora, C. and Cardellach, E., 2004. Hydrothermal mixing, carbonate dissolution and sulfide precipitation in Mississippi Valley-Type deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 39(3): 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-004-0412-5

Davies, G.R. and Smith Jr, L.B., 2006. Structurally controlled hydrothermal dolomite reservoir facies: An overview. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 90(11): 1641–1690. https://doi.org/10.1306/05220605164

Dickson, J.A.D., 1966. Carbonate identification and genesis as revealed by staining. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 36(2): 491–505. https://doi.org/10.1306/74D714F6-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D

Domenech, C., De Pablo, J. and Ayora, C., 2002. Oxidative dissolution of pyritic sludge from the Aznalcollar mine (SW Spain). Chemical Geology, 190(1-4): 339–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(02)00124-9

Ehya, F., 2014. The Paleozoic Ozbak-Kuh carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposit of East Central Iran Isotope (C, O, S, Pb) geochemistry and ore genesis. Mineralogy and Petrology, 108 (1): 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-013-0279-1

Esterabi Ashtiani, M., Yassaqi; A., Javadi, H.R., Shahpasandzadeh, M. and Ghassemi, M.R., 2011. The Study of Dorouneh Fault System's West Termination in Jandaq-Talmessi Area. Journal of Geoscience, 20(79): 13–20. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22071/GSJ.2011.54988

Fontaine, L., De Putter, T., Bernard, A., Decree, S., Cailteux, J., Wouters, J. and Yans, J., 2020. Complex mineralogical-geochemical sequences and weathering events in the supergene ore of the Cu-Co Luiswishi deposit (Katanga, D.R. Congo). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 161: 103674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103674

Hall, D.L., Sterner, S.M. and Bodnar, R.J., 1988. Freezing point depression of NaCl-KCl-H₂O solutions. Economic Geology, 83(1): 197–202. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.83.1.197

Hanor, J.S., 1994. Origin of saline fluids in sedimentary basins. In: J. Patnell (Editor), Geofluids: Origin, Migration and Evolution of Fluids in Sedimentary Basins. Geological Society, London, pp. 151–174. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1994.078.01.13

Hanor, J.S., 1996. Controls on the solubilization of Lead and Zinc in basinal brines. In: D.F. Sangster (Editor), In Carbonate-Hosted Lead-Zinc Deposits. Society of Economic Geologists, London, pp. 483–500. https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.04.36

Hanor, J.S., 2001. Reactive transport involving rock buffered fluids of varying salinity. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65(21): 3721–3732. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00703-7

Haynes, F.‌M. and Kesler, S.‌E., 1987. Fluid inclusion chemistry in the exploration for Mississippi Valley-type deposits: an example from East Tennessee, U.S.A. Applied Geochemistry, 2(3): 321–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(87)90047-3

He, Y., Wu, T., Huang, Z., Ye, L., Deng, P. and Xiang, Z., 2020. Genesis of the Maoping carbonatehosted Pb–Zn deposit, northeastern Yunnan Province, China: evidences from geology and C-O-S-Pb isotopes. Acta Geochimica, 39(6): 782–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-020-00424-4

Heidel, C., Tichomirowa, M. and Junghans, M., 2013. Oxygen and sulfur isotope investigations of the oxidation of sulfide mixtures containing pyrite, galena and sphalerite. Chemical Geology, 342: 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2013.01.016

Hill, C.A., 1995. H₂S-related porosity and sulfuric acid oil-field karst. In: D.A. Budd, A.H. Saller and P.M. Harris (Editors), Unconformities and porosity in carbonate strata. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, United States, pp. 301-306. Retrieved September 6, 2021 from https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/1312/chapter/107169453

Hitchon, B. and Friedman, I., 1969. Geochemistry and origin of formation waters in the western Canada sedimentary basin-I. Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 33(11): 1321–1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(69)90178-1

Hitzman, M.W., Reynolds, N.A., Sangster, D.F., Allen, C.R. and Carman, C.E., 2003. Classification, genesis, and exploration guides for Nonsulfide Zinc Deposits. Economic Geology, 98(4): 685–714. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.98.4.685

Hou, Z. and Zhang, H., 2015. Geodynamics and metallogeny of the eastern Tethyan metallogenic domain. Ore Geology Reveiws, 70: 346–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.026

Jazi, M.A., Karimpour, M.H. and Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A., 2017. Nakhlak carbonate-hosted Pb-(Ag) deposit, Isfahan province, Iran: a geological, mineralogical, geochemical, fluid inclusion, and sulfur isotope study. Ore Geology Reviews, 80: 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.06.010

Kan-Azin Mining Consultant Company., 2014. General exploration report of the iron at Mileh area in Anarak, Isfahan (Scale: 1:25000). Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization (Imidro), Tehran, Report 1, 438 pp.

Kan-Azin Mining Consultant Company., 2015. General exploration report of the iron at Mileh area in Anarak, Isfahan (Scale: 1:5000). Iranian Mines and Mining Industries Development and Renovation Organization (Imidro), Tehran, Report 2, 214 pp.

Kesler, S.E., 2005. Ore-forming fluids. Elements, 1(1): 13–18. https://doi.org/10.2113/gselements.1.1.13

Kesler, S.E., Martini, A.M., Appold, M.S., Walter, L.M., Huston, T.J. and Furman, F.C., 1996. Na-Cl-Br systematics of fluid inclusions from Mississippi Valley-type deposits, Appalachian Basin: constraints on solute origin and migration paths. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60(2): 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00390-8

Kharaka, Y.K. and Carothers, W.W., 1986. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope geochemistry of deep basin brines. In: P. Fritz and J.Ch. Fontes (Editors), Handbook of environmental isotope geochemistry. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 305–360. Retrieved September 6, 2021 from https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/12822455

Kharaka, Y.K. and Hanor, J.S., 2007. Deep fluids in the continents: I. Sedimentary basins. In: J.I. Drever (Editor), Surface and ground water, weathering and soils. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 1–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043751-6/05085-4

Kharaka, Y.K., Maest, A.S., Carothers, W.W., Law, L.M., Lamothe, P.J. and Fries, T.L., 1987. Geochemistry of metal-rich brines from central Mississippi Salt Dome basin, U.S.A. Applied Geochemistry, 2(5-6): 543–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(87)90008-4

Leach, D.L., Bradley, D.C., Huston, D., Pisarevsky, S.A., Taylor, R.D. and Gardoll, S.J., 2010. Sediment-Hosted Lead-Zinc Deposits in Earth History. Economic Geology, 105(3): 593–625. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.593

Leach, D.L., Sangster, D.F., Kelley, K.D., Ross, R.L., Garven, G., Allen, C.R., Gutzmer, J. and Walters, S., 2005. Sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits: A global Perspective. In: W.J. Hedenquist, J.F.H. Thompson, R.J. Goldfarb and J.P. Richards (Editors), One Hundredth Anniversary Volume. Society of Economic Geologists, Littleton, pp. 561–607. https://doi.org/10.5382/AV100.18

Maghfouri, S. and Hosseinzadeh, M.R., 2018. The early Cretaceous Mansourabad shale-carbonate hosted Zn-Pb (-Ag) deposit, Central Iran: an example of vent-proximal sub-seafloor replacement SEDEX mineralization. Ore Geology Reviews, 95: 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.02.020

Maghfouri, S., Hosseinzadeh, M.R. and Choulet, F., 2020. Supergene nonsulfide Zn-Pb mineralization in the Mehdiabad world-class sub-seafloor replacement SEDEX-type deposit, Iran. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 109(7): 2531–2555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01916-7

Maghfouri, S., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., Choulet, F., Alfonso, P., Azimzadeh, A.M. and Rajabi, A., 2019. Vent-proximal sub-seafloor replacement clastic-carbonate hosted SEDEX-type mineralization in the Mehdiabad world-class Zn-Pb-Ba-(Cu-Ag) deposit, Southern Yazd Basin, Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 113:103047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103047

Maghfouri, S., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., Choulet, F., Lentz, D.R., Tajeddin, H.A., Movahednia, M. and Shariefi, A., 2021. Nature of ore-forming fluids in the Mehdiabad world-class sub-seafloor replacement SEDEX-type Zn-Pb-Ba-(Cu-Ag) deposit, Iran; constraints from geochemistry, fluid inclusions, and O-C-Sr isotopes. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 207: 104654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2020.104654

Maghfouri, S., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., Rajabi, A. and Azimzadeh, A.M., 2017a. Darreh-Zanjir deposit; a typical carbonate hosted Zn-Pb deposit (MVT) in early cretaceous sedimentary sequence, southern Yazd basin. Journal of Geoscience, 26(103): 13–28. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22071/GSJ.2017.46724

Maghfouri, S., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., Rajabi, A. and Choulet, F., 2017b. A review of major non-sulfide zinc deposits in Iran. Geoscience Frontiers, 9(1): 249–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2017.04.003

Mirnejad, H., Simonetti, A. and Molasalehi, F., 2015. Origin and formational history of some Pb-Zn deposits from Alborz and Central Iran: Pb isotope constraints. International Geology Review, 57(4): 463–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2015.1013510

Moor, F., Taghipour, B. and Sajediyan, E., 2016. Geochmistry of the host dolomitic rock and microthermometry of Darreh-Zanjir Zn-Pb deposit Yazd, YAZD province. Geochemistry, 5(2): 48–59. (in Persian with English abstract). Retrieved September 6, 2021 from  http://geochem.iranjournals.ir/article_653449.html?lang=en

Nabavi, M.H. and Houshmandzadeh, A., 1984. Geological Map of Anarak, scale 1:100000. Geological Survey of Iran.

Nabavi, M.H. and Houshmandzadeh, A., 1990. Geological Map of Anarak, scale 1:250000. Geological Survey of Iran.

Nozaem, R., Mohajjel, M., Rossetti, F., Della Seta, M., Vignaroli, G., Yassaghi, A., Salvini, F. and Eliassi, M., 2013. Post‐Neogene right‐lateral strike-slip tectonics at the north‐western edge of the Lut Block (Kuh‐e‐Sarhangi Fault), Central Iran. Tectonophysics, 589: 220–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.01.001

Park, F.C. and MacDiarmid, R.A., 1970. Ore Deposits. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, 529 pp.

Pearce, M.A., Timms, N.E., Hough, R.M. and Cleverley, J.S., 2013. Reaction mechanism for the replacement of calcite by dolomite and siderite: implications for geochemistry, microstructure and porosity evolution during hydrothermal mineralization. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 166(4): 995–1009. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0905-2

Pirajno, F., Burlow, R. and Huston, D., 2010. The Magellan Pb deposit, Western Australia; a new category within the class of supergene non-sulfide mineral systems. Ore Geology Reviews, 37(2): 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.01.001

Pokrovsky, O.S., Golubev, S.V. and Schott, J., 2005. Dissolution kinetics of calcite, dolomite, and magnesite at 25 °C and 0 to 50 atm P_CO2. Chemical Geology, 217(3–4): 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.12.012

Pokrovsky, O.S., Golubev, S.V., Schott, J. and Castillo, A., 2009. Calcite, dolomite and magnesite dissolution kinetics in aqueous solutions at acid to circumneutral pH, 25 to 150 °C and 1 to 55 atm P_CO2: new constraints on CO₂ sequestration in sedimentary basins. Chemical Geology, 265(1–2): 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.01.013

Rajabi, A., Canet, C., Rastad, E. and Alfonso, P., 2015. Basin evolution and stratigraphic correlation of sedimentary-exhalative Zn-Pb deposits of the Early Cambrian Zarigan-Chahmir Basin, Central Iran. Ore Geology Reveiws, 64: 328–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.07.013

Rajabi, A., Rastad, E. and Canet, C., 2012. Metallogeny of Cretaceous carbonate hosted Zn-Pb Deposits of Iran: geotectonic setting and data integration for future mineral exploration. International Geology Review, 54(14): 1649–1672. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2012.659110

Rajabi, A., Rastad, E. and Canet, C., 2013. Metallogeny of Permian-Triassic carbonatehosted Zn-Pb and F deposits of Iran: a review for future mineral exploration. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 60(2): 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2012.754792

Reichert, J. and Borg, G., 2008. Numerical simulation and geochemical model of supergene carbonate-hosted non-sulfide zinc deposits. Ore Geology Reviewes, 33(2): 134–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.02.006

Reynolds, N.A. and Large, D., 2010. Tethyan zinc-lead metallogeny in Europe, North Africa, and Asia. In: R.J. Goldfarb, E.E. Marsh and T. Monecke (Editors), The Challenge of Finding New Mineral Resources: Global Metallogeny, Innovative Exploration, and New Discoveries. Society of Economic Geologis, Littleton, pp. 339–367. https://doi.org/10.5382/SP.15.2.01

Rittenhouse, G., 1967. Bromine in oil-field waters and its use in determining possibilities of origin of these waters. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 51(12): 2430–2440. https://doi.org/10.1306/5D25C27D-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D

Robb, L.J., 2005. Introduction to ore- forming processes. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, 373 pp.

Roedder, E., 1984. Fluid inclusions. Mineralogical Society of America, United States, 644 pp.

Rostami Paydar, G. and Adelpour, M., 2018. The Study of alteration, mineralization, and fluid inclusion in the Howz-e-Sefide zinc-lead deposite (Central Iran). Iranian Journal of Geology, 12(47): 36–19. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved September 6, 2021 from https://rimag.ricest.ac.ir/en/Article/9610/rimag.ricest.ac.ir

Salari, T. and Bagheri, S., 2011. Geotectonic analysis of multiple phases of trasting in Anarak region (Central Iran). 30th Symposium of Geosciences, Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Iran. Retrieved September 6, 2021 from https://civilica.com/doc/182593

Sangameshwar, S.R. and Barnes, H.L., 1983. Supergene processes in zinc-lead-silver sulfides ores in carbonates. Economic Geology, 78(7): 1379–1397. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.78.7.1379

Saunders, J.A. and Swann, Ch.T., 1990. Trace-metal content of Mississippi oil field brines. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 37(2): 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(90)90025-6

Scott, K., Ashley, P. and Lawie, D., 2001. The geochemistry, mineralogy and maturity of gossans derived from volcanogenic Zn-Pb-Cu deposits of the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt, NSW, Australia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 72(3): 169–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0375-6742(01)00159-5

Sicree, A.A. and Barnes, H.L., 1996. Upper Mississippi Valley district ore fluid model: the role of organic complexes. Ore Geology Reviews, 11(1-3): 105–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(95)00018-6

Sharkovski, M., Susov, M. and Krivyakin B., 1984. Geology of the Anarak area (Central Iran), Explanatory text of the Anarak Quadrangle Map 1:250000. Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Reports 19, 143 pp.

Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H. and Alderton, D.H.M., 1985. A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies. Blackie, Glasgow, 239 pp.

Song, Y., Hou, Z., Liu, Y. and Zhang, H., 2017. Mississippi Valley-Type (MVT) Pb-Zn deposits in the Tethyan domain: A review. Geology in China, 44(4): 664–689. https://doi.org/10.12029/gc20170403

Stocklin, J., 1974. Possible ancient continental margins in Iran. In: C.A., Burk and C.L. Drake (Editors), The geology of continental margins: Springer-Verlag. New York, pp. 873–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01141-6_64

Stoffell, B., Appold, M.S., Wilkinson, J.J., McClean, N.A. and Jeffries, T.E., 2008. Geochemistry and evolution of Mississippi Valley-Type mineralizing brines from the Tri-State and Northern Arkansas districts determined by LA-ICP-MS microanalysis of fluid inclusions. Economic Geology, 103(7): 1411–1435. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.103.7.1411

Sverjensky, D.A., 1984. Oil field brines as ore-forming solutions. Economic Geology, 79(1): 23–37. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.79.1.23

Takahashi, T., 1960. Supergene alteration of zinc and lead deposits in limestone. Economic Geolology, 55(6):1083–1115. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.55.6.1083

Technoexport, 1984. Geology of the Anarak area (Central Iran). Geological Survey of Iran, Tehran, Report 19, 136 pp.

Torabi, G., 2012. Late Permian post-ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust. Island Arcs, 21(3): 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1738.2012.00817.x

Vaghari, P., Khosravi, M., Fathi, F., Rezvanianzade, M.R. and Ghaderi, M.R., 2020. An attitude to the formation, mineralization and evolution of Listwanite and relation to uranium and polymetal mineralization in Chah Shoureh area, Anarak, central iran. Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 90(4): 79-89. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.24200/nst.2020.1074

Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371

Wilkinson, J.J., 2001. Fluid inclusions in hydrothermal ore deposits. Lithos, 55(1–4): 229–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(00)00047-5

Worden, R.H., Coleman, M.L. and Matray, J.M., 1999. Basin scale evolution of formation waters; a diagenetic and formation water study of the Triassic Chaunoy Formation, Paris Basin. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 63(17): 2513–2528. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00121-0

Yardley, B.W.D., 2005. Metal concentrations in crustal fluids and their relationship to ore formation. Economic Geology, 100(4): 613–632. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.100.4.613

Zanchi, A., Malaspina, N., Zanchetta, S., Berra, F., Benciolini, L., Bergomi, M., Cavallo, A., Javadi, H.R. and Kouhpeyma, M., 2015. The Cimmerian accretionary wedge of Anarak, Central Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 102: 45–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.08.030

Zanchi, A., Zanchetta, S., Garzanti, E., Balini, M., Berra, F., Mattei, M. and Muttoni, G., 2009. The Cimmerian evolution of the Nakhlak-Anarak area Central Iran and its bearing for the reconstruction of the historyof the Eurasian margin. Geological Society London Special, 312(1): 261–286. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP312.13

Zhang, H., Fan, H., Xiao, C., Wen, H., Ye, L., Huang, Z., Zhou, J. and Guo, Q., 2019. The mixing of multi-source fluids in the Wusihe Zn–Pb ore deposit in Sichuan Province, Southwestern China. Acta Geochimca, 38(5): 642–653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-019-00367-5

Ziegler, K. and Coleman, M.L., Howarth, R.J., 2001. Palaeohydrodynamics of fluids in the Brent Group (Oseberg Field, Norwegian North Sea) from chemical and isotopic compositions of formation waters. Applied Geochemistry, 16(6): 609–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(00)00057-3