Investigating the Relationship between Karst Landforms and Tectonic Structures in the Tamtaman Nazlo Chai Area, Northwest of Urmia

جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی

Article 3, Volume 11, Issue 3 - Serial Number 43, November 2022, Pages 43-65   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/geoeh.2022.74930.1160

Authors

Reza AbbasianValandar¹; Shahram Roostaei^{* 2}; Davood Mokhtari²

¹PhD Candidate in Geomorphology, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

²Professor in Geomorphology, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

The results of studies conducted in this regard show that the climate of the region is semi-arid and cold, and its rainfall regime is in the Mediterranean. Its geomorphology is young and its topography is directly related to geological structures, i.e., most folds and fractures make up the heights. The lithology of the formation, along with the action of tectonic processes that have led to the dissolution and creation of joints and cracks in the rocks, has provided the necessary conditions for the formation of less developed karst forms. The region's most significant karst forms are Karen, pinnacles, channels, dissolution doline and dissolution cavities, karst springs, and caves that have spread along joints, cracks, and faults and indicate the connection between these landforms and the region's tectonic structures. In this study, to find out the relationship between tectonics and karst formation, the dip and strikes of fractures (joints and faults) were measured in 7 areas. The results obtained from field studies and their comparison with the data contained in remote sensing documents show that the direction of most joints in the region is consistent with the direction of faults. It has also been found that more Karst landforms have formed along these joints. On the other hand, most of the valleys are consistent with the geological structures of the region, i.e., faults and folds. Therefore, tectonics has played an effective role in creating Karst landforms and their hazards in the region. According to the rockfall risk zoning map, 3.77% of the total area is in the high-risk zone.

Keywords

Karst Landforms; Tectonic Structures; Risk Zoning; Tamtaman Cave; Nazlo Chai Urmia

References

افراسیابیان، احمد؛ 1377. اهمیت مطالعات و تحقیقات منابع آب کارست در ایران. مجموعه مقالات دومین همایش جهانی آب در سازندهای کارستی. تهران. کرمانشاه. 354 ص.

http://fipak.areeo.ac.ir/ faces/ search/ bibliographic/ biblioBriefView. jspx?_afPfm =-16 w mb8 n9qd

بوسلیک، زهرا؛ چرچی، عباس؛ کشاورزی، محمد رضا؛ احمد نژاد، زینب؛ 1391. بررسی نقش عوامل ساختاری در ظهور چشمه‌های منطقه کارستی ایذه با استفاده از سنجش‌ازدور و GIS. پژوهش‌های دانش زمین. سال سوم. شماره 10. صص 16-32

                                     https://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.20088299.1391.3.2.2.7

پیراسته، سعید؛ 1385. نقش شکستگی­ها در توسعه کارست – محدوده تاقدیس پابده از زاگرس چین خورده: کاربرد داده-های ماهواره‌ای و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS). فصلنامه جغرافیایی سرزمین. سال سوم. شمارۀ 11. صص 49-66.                        https://sarzamin.srbiau.ac.ir/article_5943.html#ar_info_pnl_cite

سناخوان، عطیه؛ پورکرمانی، محسن؛ حاجی حسینلو، حسن؛ حسن­پور­صدقی، محمد؛ 1391. ارزیابی زمین­ساختی و لرزه­خیزی منطقه نازلو ارومیه، شمالغرب ایران، سی و یکمین همایش علوم زمین. تهران. سازمان زمین‌شناسی و اکتشافات معدنی کشور                                                              https://civilica.com/doc/186946

ولایتی، سعداله؛ خانعلی زاده، فریده؛ 1390. بررسی رابطه ساختارهای تکتونیک و اشکال کارستی (مطالعه موردی حوضه آبریز کارده). جغرافیا (فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی انجمن جغرافیای ایران). سال نهم. شماره 31. ص 171-189.                                                                                      https://magiran.com/p951522

 

Çiftçi, N.B., Bozkurt, E., 2007. Anomalous stress field and active breaching at relay ramps: a field example from Gediz Graben, SW Turkey. Geol. Mag. 144 (4), 687–699. https:// doi.org/ 10.1017/S0016756807003500

Curewitz, D., Karson, J.A., 1997. Structural settings of hydrothermal outflow: fracture permeability maintained by fault propagation and interaction. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 79 (3–4), 149–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(97)00027-9

Dockrill, B., Shipton, Z.K., 2010. Structural controls on leakage from a natural CO2 geologic storage site: Central Utah, U.S.A. J. Struct. Geol. 32 (11), 1768–1782. https:// doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jsg.2010.01.007

Fossen, H., Rotevatn, A., 2016. Fault linkage and relay structures in extensional settings—A review. Earth Sci. Rev. 154, 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.11.014

Haji Hosseinlou, H., (2015). Kinematics of Transpressional Deformation in Urmia Fault Zone,  (Northwest Iran). Iranian Journal of Earth Scinces, 7, 59-67. https:// ijes.mashhad.iau.ir/ article_522935.html

Kattenhorn, S.A., Aydin, A., Pollard, D.D., 2000. Joints at high angles to normal fault strike: an explanation using 3-D numerical models of fault-perturbed stress fields. J. Struct. Geol. 22, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00130-3

Nikolaev, PN., 1977. Method of statistical analysis of joints and reconstruction of the tectonic stress fields. J high Schools Geol Prosp Moscow 12:103-115 (in Russian). ISBN: 978-3-662-43992-0

Rotevatn, A., Buckley, S., Howell, J., Fossen, H., 2009. Overlapping faults and their effect on fluid flow in different reservoir types: A LIDAR-based outcrop modeling and flow simulation study. AAPG (Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol.) Bull. 93, 407–427. https:// doi.org/ 10.1306/09300807092

Rowland, J.V., Sibson, R.H., 2004. Structural controls on hydrothermal flow in a segmented rift system, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand. Geofluids 4, 259–283. https:// doi.org/ 10.1111/ j.1468-8123.2004.00091.x

Sibson, R.H., 1996. Structural permeability of fluid-driven fault-fracture meshes. J. Struct. Geol. 18, 1031–1042. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(96)00032-6

Springfield, VT., Rapp, JR., Anders, RB., 1979. Effect of karst and geologic structure on the circulation of water and permeability in carbonate aquifers. U.S. J Hydrol 43: 313-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(79)90178-1