مطالعه تطبیقی حمایت از مصرف‌کنندگان در قراردادهای رایانش ابری در حقوق اتحادیه اروپا، انگلستان و ایران

دانشنامه حقوق اقتصادی

دوره 28، شماره 20، اسفند 1400، صفحه 271-305   

نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/economlaw.2022.41911

نویسندگان

حبیب طالب احمدی¹؛ آذر فرهمند^{* 2}

¹استادیار گروه حقوق خصوصی و اسلامی دانشگاه شیراز

²دانش‌آموخته کارشناسی ارشد حقوق خصوصی دانشگاه شیراز

چکیده

رایانش ابری، بنیان بسیاری از فناوری‌های دیجیتال را تشکیل می‌دهد و از خدمات بی‌شماری مانند: خدمات ذخیره‌سازی، میزبانی ابری، نامه‌های الکترونیکی، شبکه‌های اجتماعی مبتنی بر ابر پشتیبانی می‌کند. بیشتر این خدمات از طریق بستن قراردادهای استاندارد با مشتریان عرضه می‌شود. شکاف اطلاعاتی، نداشتن قدرت چانه‌زنی برابر، کمبود تخصص و تجربه در زمینه‌های فنی_حقوقی، عدم شفافیت شروط قرارداد و تبلیغات، سبب ناتوانی مصرف‌کنندگان در قیاس با توان معاملاتی عرضه‌کنندگان خدمات ابری شده است. لذا قانون‌گذاران برای دست‌یابی به عدالت معاوضی از مصرف‌کنندگان حمایت می‌کنند. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی سازوکارهای حمایت از مصرف‌کنندگان را در حقوق اتحادیه اروپا، انگلستان و ایران بررسی می‌نماید. نظر به اهمیت و فراوانی محصولات ناملموس دیجیتالی مانند رایانش ابری و تفاوت‌های قابل‌ملاحظه آن‌ها با محصولات غیردیجیتال، در حقوق برخی از کشورها مانند انگلستان و اتحادیه اروپا مقررات جداگانه برای آن وضع شده است، ولی تاکنون در حقوق ایران، مقررات خاصی در این زمینه پیش‌بینی نشده و برای شناخت حقوق مصرف‌کنندگان این قراردادها نیز همانند موارد دیگر باید به قواعد عام موجود مراجعه کرد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها

رایانش ابری؛ قرارداد عرضه خدمات؛ حقوق مصرف‌کننده؛ تأمین‌کننده محتوا و خدمات دیجیتال

مراجع

 

        References

 

] 1[. Abdipour, E; & Ghasemzadeh, R. (2011).  The Theoretical Bases of Proponents and Opponents of Imposing General Duty to Inform in Contracts. Comparative Law Researches, 15 (1) ,83-105. (in Persian)

]2[. Ahmadi, M; & Arianian, E. (2013). Technical Standards and Legal Aspects of Cloud Computing in Iran. Tehran, Iran: Niaz Danesh Publication. (in Persian)

]3[. Akbari, M; & Javan, M. (2010). Cloud Computing. Tehran, Iran: Amirkabir University of Technology. (in Persian)

]4[. Almeida Alves, M. (2019). Directive on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services & the EU data protection legal framework: are worlds colliding? EU law journal, 5(2), 34-42.

]5[. Almunawar, M., & Almunawar, H. (2017). From information systems outsourcing to cloud computing. In: Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, (4^th ed.). Hershey PA, USA: IGI Global.

]6[. Amid, H. (1979). Amid Dictionary. (13^th ed.). Tehran, Iran: Amirkabir Publication. (in Persian)

Anderson, C. (2008). Free! Why $0.00 Is the Future of Business. Available from: https://www.wired.com/2008/02/ff-free/.

]7[. Anderson, C. (2009). Free: The Future of a Radical Price. New York, USA: Hyperion publication.

]8[. Angwin, J. (2010).  The Web’s New Gold Mine: Your Secrets, WALL ST. J. available from:  2010, http:// online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703940904575395073512989404.html. (Accessed 15 May 2020).

]9[. Antonietta Ruggiero, M. (2017).  Unfair commercial practices, consumer and internal market protection: a comparative study (Master`s thesis, Wageningen university & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands).

]10[. Australian Government Information Management Office. (2013). Negotiating the Cloud–Legal Issues in Cloud Computing Agreements: Better Practice Guide. Available from: http://www.finance.gov.au/files/2013/02/negotiating-the-cloud-legal-issues-in-cloud-computing-agreements-v1.1.pdf full-text. (Accessed 30 Jan 2020).

]11[.Badini, H. (2011). A critical study of reasonable and ordinary person from determining fault in tort liability. Private law studies quarterly, 40(1), 73-93. (in Persian)

]12[. Bezáková, D. (2013) The Consumer Rights Directive and its Implications for Consumer Protection Regarding Intangible Digital Content. Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology, 7 (2), 177-191.

]13[. Bradgate, R (2010). Consumer rights in digital products: a research report prepared for the UK Department for business, innovation and skills. Institute for Commercial Law Studies, Sheffield and BIS, London. Available from:http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/consumer-issues/docs/c/10-1125-consumer-rights-in-digital-products (Accessed 30 Jan 2020).

]14[. Bradshow, S., & Millard, Ch., & Walden, I. (2010).  Contracts for clouds: comparison and analysis of the terms and conditions of cloud computing services. Cloud Legal Project, Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary, University of London, Research Paper No. 63/2010, 1-47.

]15[. Bray, O., & Kerry, B. (2015). Digital content under the Consumer Rights Act 2015. Entertain Law Review, 26(8), 271-273.

]16[. Castro, C., & Reed, C., & Dequeiroz, R. (2013). On the applicability of the consumer protection code to cloud computing transactions in brazil. Scripted, 10(4),458-477.

]17[. Cunningham, A., & Reed, C. (2013). Caveat Consumer? – Consumer Protection and Cloud Computing - Part 1 Issues of Definition in the Cloud. Queen Mary University of London, School of Law Legal Studies Research Paper n؛ 130/2013, 1-29.

]18[.Dictionary of ICT. (2004). (4^th Edition). London, England: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.

]19[.Dzhutev, D. (2016). Unfair terms in standard cloud computing contracts. (Master thesis, Faculty of law, University Amsterdam, Netherland).

]20[. EC Guidance, (2016) Commission staff working document guidance on the implementation/application of Directive 2005/29/EC on unfair commercial practices accompanying the document communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European economic (2016). SWD (2016) 163 final. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/consumer-marketing/files/ucp_guidance_en.pdf. (Accessed: 17 March 2021).

]21[. Elsan, M. (2017). Electronic Commerce Law. (4^th ed.). Tehran, Iran: Samt Publication. (in Persian)

]22[. European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA). (2010). Cloud Computing: Benefits, risks and recommendations for information security. ENISA publications,1-125.

]23[. Foster, T. N. (2013) Navigating Through the Fog of Cloud Computing Contracts. John Marshall Journal of Information Technology and Privacy Law, 30(1).

]24[. Ghasemihamed, A., & Talebahmadi, H. (2012). Pre_contractual Disclosure. Legal Studies, 3(1), 157-191. (in Persian)

]25[. Google Docs terms of service. Retrieved from:  http://www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/. (accessed 24 Jan 2020).

]26[. Hand, E. (2007). Head in the clouds. Nature publishing group. 449, 1-2.

]27[. Hon, W. K., Millard, Ch. and Walden, I. (2012) Negotiating Cloud Contracts: Looking at Clouds from both Sides Now. Stanford Technology Law Review, 16(1), 81-129.

]28[. Hoofnagle, C., & Whittington, J. (2014). Free: Accounting for the Costs of the Internet’s Most Popular Price. UCLA Law Review, 61(3), 606-670.

]29[. Katouzian. N. (2010). Juristic Acts, Contracts, Unilateral Acts. (16^th Edition). Tehran, Iran: Enteshar Publication Co. (in Persian)

]30[. Kelly, R., & Swaby, G. (2017). Consumer Protection Rights and Free Digital Content. Computer and Telecommunications Law Review, 23(7), 165-170.

]31[. Khaldei, P; & Ghasemihamed, A; & Darabpoor, M; & Amini, M. (2017). The Role of Advertising and Trademarks in Supporting Consumer Consciousness through a Comparative Study of British Law. Journal of Private & Criminal Law Research, 12(30), 55-80. (in Persian)

]32[. Khorsandian, M; & Amiri, M. (2018). A Comparative Study between European and Iranian Laws of Service Contracts. Comparative Law Review, 9(1), 121-146. (in Persian)

]33[. Khosrow-pour, M. (2017). Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, (4^th ed.). Hershey PA, USA: IGI Global.

]34[. Lundberg, E. (2015). Cloud computing _a factors that affect an adaption of cloud computing in traditional Swedish bonds. (Master`s thesis, Uppsala university, Uppsala, Sweden).

]35[. Marinscu, C. (2018). Cloud computing Theory and Practice. Hampshire, United States of America: Morgan Kaufmann publications.

]36[. Markou, Ch. (2017). Directive 2011/83/EU on Consumer Rights. In: Arno. R. Lodder., & Andrew. D. Murray. EU Regulation on E-Commerce. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

]37[. Marston, R. &, Li, Z., & Bandyopadhyay, S., & Ghalsasi, A., & Zhang, J. (2011). Cloud Computing: The Business Perspective. Decision support systems, 51(1), 176-189.

]38[. Mell, P., & Grance, T. (2011). The NIST definition of cloud computing: Recommendation of National Institute of Standards and Technology. Special publication, US Department of E Commerce. Retrieved from http://nvlpubs. nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nistspecialpublication800-145.pdf.

]39[. Michels, J; & Millard, C; & Turton, F. (2020). Contracts for Clouds, Revisited: An Analysis of the Standard Contracts for 40 Cloud Computing Services.  Cloud Legal Project, Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary, University of London, Research Paper No. 334/2020, 1-79.

]40[. Millard, C. (2013). Cloud computing law. London, England: Oxford university press.

]41[. Oxford advanced learners Dictionary. (2006). (7^th ed.). London, England: Oxford university press.

]42[.Paknezhad, M. (2013). Evaluating Cloud Security and Privacy on Content Centric Networks and Providing a Solution for one of the Most Common Issue. (Master`s thesis, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran). (in Persian)

]43[. Poludniak, K. (2017). From Information Asymmetry to Information Overload- Technological Society of Consumers. In: Kaplanova, P. Contemporary Issues of societal Development. Krakow, Poland: Faculty of Organization Studies.

]44[Qutieshat, E., & Al-Tarawneh, B. (2016). Consent in Cloud Computing Contracts: Some Legal Issues under the Jordanian Law.   International Journal of humanities and social science, 6(11), 201-210.

]45[. Rezaei, O. (2014). A study on Cloud Computing. Mashhad, Iran: Symposium on Advances in Science & Technology. (in Persian)

]46[. Spindler, G. (2016). Contracts for the supply of digital content – scope of application and basic approach – proposal of the commission for a directive on contracts for the supply of digital content. Eur Rev Cont Law, Vol 12.183–217.

]47[. Synodinou, T., & Jougleux, P., & Markou, C., & Prastitou, T. (2017). EU internet law regulation and enforcement, Cham, Switzerland: Springer international publishing.

]48[. Talebahmadi, H., & Hamidian, H. (2020). The Duty of Care in Pre_contractual Negotiations. Scientific journal of Civil Law Knowledge, 9(1), 31-43.

]49[. Turow, J., & King, J., & Hoofnagle, C., & Bleakley, A. (2009). Contrary to what marketers say, American reject tailor advertising and three activities that enable it. SSRN Electronic journal, 1-27. available from: http://ssrn.com/paper=1478214.

]50[. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law(UNCITRAL), working group IV. (2018). Contractual aspects of cloud computing. fifty sixth session, New York, 16-20 April,1-39.

]51[. Vincent, M., & Hart, N., & Mortan, K. (2011). Cloud computing contracts white paper, a survey of terms and conditions. Truman Hoyle Lawyers, Doc Ref: 352056_1.DOC, 1-27. Available from: https://ficpi.org.au/articles/White_Paper_June2011.pdf.

]52[. Zhang F, Huang Y, Wang H, Chen H, Zang B (2008)” PALM: Security Preserving VM Live Migration for Systems with VMM-enforced Protection. In: Trusted Infrastructure Technologies Conference, 2008. APTC’08, Third Asia-Pacific. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA.

 ]53[. Zok, K. (2019). Cloud contracts as contracts for the supply of digital content: classification and     

  information duty. Masaryk university journal of law and technology, 13(2), 133-160.