تاثیر کاربرد ورمی‌کمپوست و باکتری‌های محرک رشد گیاه (PGPR) بر عملکرد، صفات رویشی و متابولیت‌های ثانویه ریحان (L. Ocimum basilicuum)

علوم باغبانی

مقاله 4، دوره 36، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 55، آذر 1401، صفحه 591-602   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jhs.2022.69740.1059

نویسندگان

سلیمه مختومی¹؛ شبنم خوشبخت^{* 2}؛ عباسعلی نوری نیا³

¹گروه باغبانی، گرایش گیاهان دارویی، موسسه آموزش عالی بهاران، گرگان، ایران

²موسسه آموزش عالی بهاران

³مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان گلستان، گرگان، ایران

چکیده

استفاده زیاد از کود­‌های شیمیایی در روش­های متداول کشاورزی سبب فرسایش خاک و آلودگی منابع آبی شده و در کاهش کیفیت محصولات نیز تاثیر دارد. کاربرد کود­های بیولوژیک در خاک و آب آلودگی ایجاد نمی­کند در عین حال کیفیت مواد غذایی را افزایش می­دهند. این آزمایش برای بررسی اثرات ورمی­کمپوست، کود­های حاوی عناصر معدنی و باکتری­های محرک رشد گیاه (PGPR) بر روی برخی صفات گیاه ریحان Ocimum basilicuum L.)) در روستای قزلجه استان گلستان در سال 1397 انجام شد. بدین منظور دو عامل کاربرد ورمی­کمپوست (در سه سطح a₁: بدون مصرف، a₂: مصرف به نسبت 10 درصد و a₃: مصرف به نسبت 20 درصد وزنی خاک) و مصرف کود­های بیولوژیک و عناصر طبیعی افزایش دهنده رشد گیاه (در سه سطحb₁ : بدون مصرف، b₂: استفاده از باکتری باسیلوس سوبتیلیس (Bacillus subtillis) و b₃: استفاده از ترکیبات عناصر طبیعی) مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. آزمایش بصورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در فضای آزاد به صورت کشت گلدانی اجرا شد. برای اندازه­گیری صفات مورفولوژیک، مقدار فنل و فلاونوئید کل در زمان کامل شدن مرحله رویشی گیاه نمونه­گیری انجام شد. مقدار ترکیبات فنل کل با استفاده از روش فولین سیوکالتو و سنجش میزان فلاونوئید کل به روش رنگ سنجی آلومینیوم کلرید اندازه­گیری شد. نتایج تجزیه واریانس داده­ها نشان داد، بین سطوح مختلف استفاده از ورمی­کمپوست از نظر صفات وزن­تر و خشک ‌ریشه، وزن‌­تر و خشک ساقه، طول ساقه، وزن­‌تر و سطح برگ در سطح یک درصد و وزن خشک برگ تفاوت معنی‌داری در سطح پنج درصد وجود داشت. همچنین اثر کود­های بیولوژیک و عناصر طبیعی افزاینده رشد گیاه بر صفات وزن­‌تر ریشه و وزن خشک ساقه معنی­دار شد. حداکثر مقدار فنل کل بین تیمار­ها به ورمی­کمپوست 20 درصد به میزان 98/1 میلی­گرم­بر­گرم و کود پروبیو 96 (حاوی باکتری باسیلوس سوبتیلیس) به مقدار 96/1 میلی­گرم­برگرم حاصل شد. همچنین حداکثر مقدار فلاونوئید کل در گیاهان تیمار شده با ورمی­کمپوست 20 درصد و استفاده از باکتری باسیلوس سوبتیلیس (Bacillus subtillis)  به ترتیب 13/92 میلی­گرم­بر­گرم و 22/91 میلی­گرم­بر­گرم به دست آمد. نتایج نشان می­دهد ورمی­کمپوست بیش­ترین تاثیر را بر اندام­های مورد هدف مانند سطح برگ، وزن­تر و خشک برگ گیاه ریحان داشت. به طور کلی نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد، استفاده ورمی­کمپوست 20 درصد و کود حاوی باکتری باسیلوس سوبتیلیس (Bacillus subtillis) مناسب­ترین ترکیب تغذیه­ای گیاه ریحان می­باشد. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

باسیلوس سوبتیلیس؛ ریحان؛ فلاونوئید؛ فنل؛ ورمی‌کمپوست

مراجع

• Aburiai, T., & Hudaib, M. (2006). Antimutatelet, antibacterial and antifungal activities of Acillea facata exteracts and evaluation of volatile oil composition. Journal Pharmacog 2(7): 191-8.
• Adesemoye, A.O., & Kloepper, J.W. (2009). Plant-microbes interactions in enhanced fertilizer-use efficiency. A Review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85(1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-2196-0.
• Ahmadian, A., Ghanbari, A., Siahsar, B.A., Heidary, M., Ramroodi, M., & Mousavinik, M. (2010). Effects of Residual of chemical fertilizer, cattle manure and compost on yield, yield components, some physiological characterestics and essential oil content of Matricaria chamomilla under drought stress condition. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8(4): 668-676.
• Ahmed, S.H.G., Hussien, A.H.S., Aber, A.M., & Hanaa, F.Y.M. (2013). Effect of nitrogen sources, biofertilizers and their interaction on the growth, seed yield and chemical composition of Guar plants. Journal Life Science 10(3): 389-402.
• Amooaghaie, R., & Golmohammadi, S. (2017). Effect of vermicompost on growth, essential oil, and health of Thymus vulgaris. Journal Compost Science & Utilization 25(3): 166-177. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2016.1249314.
• Ansarifar, M., Noormohamadi, G., Seyed Hadi, M.R.H., & Riazi G. (2012). Effect of organic nutrients on flower yield and oil content of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla ). Journal Med Plants By-products 2: 177-181.
• Anwar, M., Patra, D.D., Chand, S., Alpesh, K., Naqvi, A.A., & Khanuja, S.P.S. (2005). Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Commun. Soil Science Plant 36(13-14): 1737-1746. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-200062434.
• Arancon, N., Edwards, C., Bierman, P., Metzger, J., Lee, S., & Welch C. (2003). Effects of vermicompost on growth and marketable fruits of field grown tomatoes, peppers and strawberries. Pedobiologia. 47:731-735.
• Arazmjo, A., Heidari, M., Ghanbari, A., Siahsar, B., & Ahmadian A. (2010). Effects of three types of fertilizers on essential oil, photosynthetic pigments, and osmoregulators in chamomile under drought stress. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences (ESCS) 3(1): 23-33.
• Azzaz, N.A., Hassan, E.A., & Hamad, E.H. (2009). The chemical constituent and vegetative and yielding characteristics of Fennel Plants treated with organic and biofertilizer instead of mineral fertilizer. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 3(2):579-587.
• Bailly, C. 2009. “Ready for a comeback of natural products in oncology,” Biochemical Pharmacology. 77(9); 1447-1457. https://doi.org/1016/j.bcp.2008.12.013.
• Banchio, E., Xie, X., Zhang, H., & Pare, P.W. (2009). Soil bacteria elevate essential oil accumulation and emissions in sweet basil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57(2): 653- https://doi.org/10.1021/jf8020305.
• Bhardwaj, D., Ansari, M.W., Sahoo, R.K., & Narendra, Tuteja. (2014). biofertilizers function as key player in sustainable agriculture by improving soil fertility, plant tolerance and crop productivity. A Review. Microbial Cell Factories. 13:66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-13-66.
• Blouin, M., Barrere, J., Meyer, N., Lartigue, S., Barot, S., & Mathieu, J. (2019). Vermicompost significantly affects plant growth. A meta-analysis. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 39:34. Agronomy for https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-019-0579-x.
• Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen, H., & Chern, J. (2002). Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal Food and Drug Analysis 10(3): 178-82.
• Chookalaii, H., Riahi, H., Shariatmadari, Z., Mazarei, Z., & Seyed, Hashtroudi, M. (2020). Enhancement of total flavonoid and phenolic contents in Plantago major with plant growth promoting Cyanobacteria. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 22(2): 505-518. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.16807073.2020.22.2.8.6.
• Citak, S., & Sonmez, S. (2010). Effects of conventional and organic fertilization on spinach (Spinacea oleracea ) growth, yield, vitamin C and nitrate concentration during two successive seasons. Scientia Horticulturae 126: 415–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.08.010.
• Dignac, M.F., Derrien, D., & Barré, P. (2017). increasing soil carbon storage: mechanisms, effects of agricultural practices and proxies. A Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development37: 14. https://doi.org/1007/s13593-017-0421-2.
• Fallahi, J., Koocheki, A., & Rezvani Moghaddam, P. (2008). Investigating the effects of organic fertilizer on quantity index and the amount essential oil and chamazulene in chamomile (Matricaria recutita).Agricultural Research: Water, Soil and Plant in Agriculture 1(8):157-168.
• Fathi, S., & Najafian, S. (2020). Effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on morphophysiological and biochemical properties of ajowan (Trachyspermum ammi). Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 11(1): 3405-3415.
• Gee, G.W., & Bauder, J.W. (1986). Particle-size analysis. In Klute, A. (ed.) Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1. Physical and Mineralogical Methods. 2nd Edition. Agronomy No. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI. pp. 383– 411. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed.c15.
• Gharib, F.A., Moussa, L., & Massoud, O.N. (2008). Effect of compost and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and essential oil of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis) plant. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 10(4): 1560-8530.
• Godara, A.S., Gupta, U.S., Lal, G., & Singh, R. (2014). Influence of organic and inorganic source of fertilizers on growth, yield and economics of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). International Journal Seed Spice 4(2): 77-80.
• Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., & Crute, I.R et al. (2010). Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327:812. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383.
• Heidarpour, O., Esmaielpour, B., Soltani, Toolarood, A., & Khorramdel, S. (2020). Effect of vermicompost on summer’s morphophysiological, biochemical, and yield characteristics savory (Satureja hortensis ) under different irrigation regimes. Journal of Agroecology 12(3): 507-522.
• Hendawy, S.F., Azza, A., El-Din, E., Aziz, E., & Omer, E.A. (2010). Productivity and oil quality of Thymus vulgaris under organic fertilization conditions. Ozean Journal of Applied Sciences 3(2): 203-216.
• Javed, S., & Panwar, A. (2013). Effect of biofertilizer, vermicompost and chemical fertilizer on different biochemical parameters of Glycine max and Vigna mungo. Recent Research in Science and Technology 5: 40-44.
• Joshi, R., Singh, J., & Vig, A.P. (2015). Vermicompost as an effective organic fertilizer and biocontrol agent: effect on growth, yield and quality of plants. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 14(1): 137-159.
• Karthikeyan, B., Abdul Jaleel, C., Lakshmanan, G.M.A., & Deiveekasundaram, M. (2008). Studies on rhizosphere microbial diversity of some commercially important medicinal plants. Colloids and surfaces B: Biointerfaces 62(1): 143-14.
• Khalid, K.H.A., Hendawy, S.F., & El-Gezawy, E. (2006). Ocimum basilicum Production under Organic Farming. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciecnes 2(1): 25-32.
• Koralage, I.S.A., Weerasinghe, P., Silva, P.N.R.N., & De Silva, C.S. (2015). Determination of Available Phosphorus in Soil: A Quick and Simple Method. OUSL Journal 8: 1-17.
• Mahfouz, S., & Sharaf-Eldin, M. (2007). Effect of mineral vs. biofertilizer on growth, yield, and essential oil content of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill). Journal International Agrophysics 21(4): 361-366.
• McChesney, J.D., Venkataraman, S.K., & Henri, J.T. (2007). “Plant natural products: back to the future or into extinction”. Phytochemistry 68(14): 2015-2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.04.032.
• McGarvey, D.J., & Croteau, R. (1995). Terpenoid metabolism. Plant Cell 7(7): 1015-1026. https://doi.org/10.2307/3870054.
• Mondal, T., Datta, J.K., & Mondal, N.K. (2017). Chemical fertilizer in conjunction with bio fertilizer and vermicompost induced changes in morpho-physiological and biochemical traits of mustard crop. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 16(2): 135-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.05.001.
• Moradi, R., Nasiri Mahallati, M., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Lakzian, A., & Nejad Ali, A. (2011). The effect of application of organic and biological fertilizers on quantity and quality of essential oil in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 25(1): 25-33.
• Naiji, M., & Souri, M.K. (2018). Nutritional value and mineral concentrations of sweet basil under organic compared to chemical fertilization. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 17(2): 167-175. https://doi.org/24326/asphc.2018.2.14.
• Naiji, M., & Souri, M.K. (2014). The potential for organic production of savory (Satureja hortensis) in Iran. In “Bridging the gap between increasing knowledge and decreasing resources”. Tropentag Prague Czech Republic. September 17-19.
• Najar, I., & Khan, A. (2013). Effect of vermicompost on the growth and productivity of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) under field conditions. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture 2(1): 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-015-0087-1.
• Norman, Q., Arancon, N., Clive, A., & Edwards, C. (2005). Effects of Vermicompost on plant growth, International Symposium Workshop on Vermi-Technologies for Developing Countries (ISWVT 2005). Los Banos. Philippines.
• Noumavo, P.A., Kochoni, E., Didagbé, Y.O., Adjanohoun, A., Allagbé, M., Sikirou, R., Gachomo, E.W., Kotchoni, S.O., & Baba-Moussa, L. (2013). Effect of different plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on maize seed germination and seedling development. American Journal of Plant Sciences 4(5): 1013-1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2013.45125.
• Osoli, N., & Taleshi, K. (2018). Evaluation of the effects of biological fertilizers and vermicompost on biological characteristics and essential oil quality of fennel plant (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) Khoramabad. Applied Research of Plant Ecophysiology 4(2): 123-138. (In Persian). http://repository.uma.ac.ir/id/eprint/3554.
• Pant, A.P., Radovich, T.J.K., Hue, N.V., Talcott, S.T., & Krenek, K.A. (2009). Vermicompost extracts influence growth, mineral nutrients, phytonutrients and antioxidant activity in pak choi (Brassica rapa Bonsai, Chinensis group) grown under vermicompost and chemical fertilizer. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89(14): 2383-2392. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3732.
• Paul, S., & Bhattacharya, S.S. (2012). Vermicomposted water hyacinth enhances growth and yield of marigold by improving nutrient availability in soils of north bank plain of Assam. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 2(1): 36-46. https://doi.org/10.37591/rrjoast.v1i3.803.
• Pereira, CM., Neiverth, CA., Maeda, S., Guiotoku, M., & Franciscon., L. (2011). Complexometric titration with potenciometric indicator to determination of calcium and magnesium in soil extracts. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 35(4): 1331-1336.
• Purushothaman, B., Srinivasan, R.P., Suganthi, P., Ranganathan, B., Gimbun, J., & Shanmugam, K. (2018). A comprehensive review on Ocimum basilicum. Journal of Natural Remedies 18(3): 72-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jnr/2018/21324.
• Rajendran, K., & Devaraj, P. (2004). Biomass and nutrient distribution and their return of Casuarina equisetifolia inoculated with biofertilizers in farm land. Biomass and Bioenergy 26(3): 235-249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.07.001.
• Razmkhah, S., Razav, S.M.A., Behzad, K., & Mazaheri Tehrani, M. (2012). The effect of pectin, sage seed gum and basil seed gum on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of non fat concentrated yoghurt. Iran Food Science Technology Research Journal 6(1): 27–36.
• Rubab, S., Hussain, I., Khan, B.A., Unar, A.A., Abbas, K.A., Khichi, Z.H., Khan, M., Khanum, S., Rehman, K.U., & Khan, H. (2016). Biomedical description of Ocimum basilicum A Review .JIIMC 12(1): 59-67.
• Saeid Nejad, A.H., & Rezvani Moghaddam, P. (2010). Evaluation of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer application on morphological traits, yield, yield components and essential oil percent in cumin (Cuminum cyminum). The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 24(1): 38-44.
• Saha, S., Mukhopadhyay, M.K., Ghosh, P.D., & Nath, D. (2012). Effect of Methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum basilicum on benzene-induced hematotoxicity in mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 176385-7 pages
• Sanches Govin, E., Rodrigues Gonzales, H., & Carballo Guerra, C. (2005). Ifluencia de los abonos organicos y biofertilizantes en la calidad de las especies medicinales Calendula officinalis y Matricaria recutita L. Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales 10(1):1.
• Seigler, D.S. (1998). Plant Secondary Metabolism, Kluwer Academic, Boston, Mass, USA, 711. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4913-0.
• Shahbazi, Z., Salehi, A., Hazrati, S., & Movahedi Dehnavi, M. (2019). Enhancing the quality and yield of European borage (Borago officinalis) by simultaneous application of granulated compost, vermicompost and mycorrhiza. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 6(2): 283-298. https://doi.org/10.22059/ijhst.2019.274604.281.
• Sinha, R.K., Valani, D., Chauhan, K., & Agarwal, S. (2010). Embarking on a second green revolution for sustainable agriculture by vermiculture biotechnology using earthworms: reviving the dreams of Sir Charles Darwin. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development 2(7): 113-128. http://www.academicjournals.org/jabsd.
• Sirousmehr, A., Arabi, J., & Asgharipour, M.R. (2014). Effect of drought stress levels and organic manures on yield, essential oil content and some morphological characteristics of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum). Advances in Environmental Biology 8(4): 880-885.
• Suthar, S. (2009). Impact of vermicompost and composted farmyard manure on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum) field crop. International Journal Plant Production 3(1): 27-38.
• Thankamani, C.K., Sivaraman, K., & Kandiannan, K. (1996). Response of clove (Syzygium aromaticum ) Merr. & Perry) seedlings and black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) cuttings to propagating media under nursery conditions. Journal Spices Aromat Crops 5(2): 99-104.
• van Groenigen, J.W., Lubbers, I.M., Vos, H.M.J., Brown, G.G., Deyn, G.B.D ., & van Groenigen, K.J. (2014). Earthworms increase plant production: ameta-analysis. National Center for Biotechnology Information 4: 6365. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep06365.
• Verma, S., Choudhary, M.R., Yadav, B.L., & Jakhar, M.L. (2013). Influence of vermicompost and sulphur on growth and yield of garlic (Allium sativum ) under semi-arid climate. Journal Spice Aroma Crops 22(1): 20-23.
• Verza, S.G., Kreinecker, M.T., Reis, V., Henriques, A.T., & Ortega, G.G. (2007). Avaliação das variáveis analíticas do método de Folin-Ciocalteu para determinação do teor de taninos totais utilizando como modelo o extrato aquoso de folhas de Psidium guajava Quím 30(4): 815-820. (In Portuguese)
• Yousefzadeh, S. (2018). The effect of application of vermicompost levels and nitrogen on some of agro-morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments and essential oil content of Hyssop (Hyssopus oficinalis). Electronic Journal of Crop Production 11(3): 131-137. (In Persian) https://dx.doi.org/10.22069/ejcp.2019.13639.2047.