Introduction
The competition of different weed species with native species for ecosystem resources is a serious threat to reduce global biodiversity. Among the invasive species, Arundo donax is considered one of the most invasive invasive plant species in coasts, rivers and temperate regions. Knowing the relationship between changes in environmental conditions and climate change and Arundo donax with respect to the growth of native coastal species, as well as understanding the water wastage by this plant compared to native coastal plants, is vital to eliminate this plant in the current situation where there is drought in most areas.
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effect of drought and salinity treatment on the sprouting stages and growth time of rhizomes of Arundo donax an experiment was performed using rhizomes collected from Gorgan ecotype and in a completely randomized design with 4 replications in the growth chamber separately at 5 temperature levels (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 °C) at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2020. Experimental treatments included different levels of drought stress {0 (distilled water), 0.4, -0.8 and -0.12 MPa} and different levels of salinity stress {0 (distilled water), 4, 8 and 12 dS. m}.
Results and Discussion
The general results of the experiment showed that increased levels of salinity and drought decreases the sprouting rate of rhizomes. The results also showed that sprouting of the rhizomes of the reed plant is possible from 5 °C to 30 °C, but the greatest sprouting rates occurred with the control treatment (no stress) at 15 °C (75%) and 20 ° C (66%) respectively. The lowest sprouting percentage (4%) was observed with 15 and 30 °C under the maximum salinity and drought levels. Sprouting percentage and other corresponding indices decreased with decreasing temperature from 15 °C to 5 °C, the same trend was observed with increasing temperature from 20 °C to 30 C, which shows that the best The temperature for the growth of reed rhizome buds is between 15 and 20 °C. The effect of salinity and drought on sprouting at different temperatures showed that with increasing salinity and drought stress level, the sprouting rate decreases, but with increasing drought level, the sprouting percentage decreased more than the salinity level and decreased the growth of reed rhizome buds more. Was affected by increasing soil dryness. The results of sprouting rate and sprouting percentage under environmental stresses also indicated that drought stress more than salinity stress can affect the growth of reed rhizome buds, in other words, this plant is more sensitive to drought stress. It is somewhat resistant to salinity stress, and perhaps this is why the abundance of this plant in the northern regions of Iran is higher than other regions. The triple interaction effect of salinity, dryness and temperature was significant in all parameters except the adjusted germination rate at the 99% probability level, which shows that the germination of the rhizome of Arundo donax plant is strongly affected by dryness, salinity and different temperatures and the existence of each of these treatments in natural conditions, it can disrupt its germination.
Conclusion
The results of the cultivation of Arundo donax rhizome at different temperatures and under salt and drought stress conditions showed that the growth of the rhizome of this plant was greatly affected by the stresses and the increase in the amount of stress led to a decrease in germination percentage. Also, rhizome cultivation at different temperatures led to determining the optimal germination temperature for the Arundo donax plant related to the ecotype in the northern regions of Iran and showed that the suitable temperature for the rhizome germination of this plant is 15 to 20 degrees Celsius. The results of the germination rate and the germination percentage under the applied environmental stresses also indicated that drought stress can affect the growth of Arundo donax rhizome buds more than salt stress, and in other words, this plant is more sensitive to drought stress and to some extent It is resistant to salt stress, and this is probably the reason why the abundance of this plant is more in the northern regions of Iran than in other regions. It grows best in well-drained soils where plenty of moisture is available and can spread from the water's edge to the shore far beyond the area previously occupied by woody coastal vegetation. It grows well in places where the water level is close to the soil surface or near it, which may be due to the sensitivity of this plant to drought stress, and on the other hand, small colonies of this plant can tolerate excessive salinity, but in conditions of widespread presence in one area, their tolerance to salinity decreases. |
Abichandani, S.L. (2007). The potential impact of the invasive species Arundo donax on water resources along the Santa Clara River: seasonal and diurnal transpiration. University of California, Los Angeles P. 44.
- Ahmad, R., Liow, P-S., Spencer, D.F., & Jasieniuk, M. (2008). Molecular evidence for a single genetic clone of invasive Arundo donax in the United States. Aquatic Botany 88: 113-120.
- Alvarado, V., & Bradford, K.J. (2002). A hydrothermal time model explains the cardinal temperatures for seed germination. Plant, Cell and Environment 25(8): 1061-1069. http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00894.x.
- Bell, G.P. (1997). Ecology and management of Arundo donax, and approaches to riparian habitat restoration in Southern California. Plant Invasions 103-113.
- Burke, I.C., Thomas, W.E., Spears, J.F., & Wilcur, J.W. (2003). Influence of environmental factor on after-ripened crowfootgrass (Dactyloctenium aegyptium) seed germination. Indian Journal of Weed Science 51: 342-347.
- Chauhan, B.S., Gill, G., & Preston, C. (2006). Factors affecting seed germination of annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) in southern Australia. Indian Journal of Weed Science 54: 658–668.
- Chaves, M.M., Flexas, J., & Pinheiro, C. (2009). Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Annals of Botany 103: 551–560. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcn125.
- Cosentino, S.L., Patanè, C., Sanzone, E., Testa, G., & Scordia, D. (2016). Leaf gas exchange, water status and radiation use efficiency of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) in a changing soil nitrogen fertilization and soil water availability in a semi-arid Mediterranean area. European Journal of Agronomy 72: 56–69.
- Decruyenaere, J.G., & Holt, J.S. (2005). Ramet demography of a clonal invader, Arundo donax (Poaceae), in Southern California. Plant Soil 277: 41–52.
- Else, J.A. (1996). Post-flood establishment of native woody species and an exotic, Arundo donax, in a southern California riparian system. MSc Thesis, San Diego State University, USA.
- Fuller, T.C., & Barbe, G.D. (1985). The Bradley method of eliminating exotic plants from natural reserves. Fremontia 13(2): 24-26.
- Guan, B., Zhou, D., Zhang, H., Tian, Y., & Wang, P. (2008). Germination responses of Medicago ruthenica seeds to salinity, alkalinity and temperature. J. Arid Enviromental 73: 135-138.
- Hardion, L.,Verlaque, R., Baumel, A., Juin, M., Vila, B. (2012). Revised systematics of Mediterranean Arundo (Poaceae) based onAFLPfingerprints and morphology. Taxon 61: 1217–1226.
- Haworth, M., Cosentino, S.L., & Marino, G. (2017). Physiological responses of Arundo donax ecotypes to drought: a common garden study. GCB Bioenergy 9: 132–143. https//doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12348.
- Herrera, A.M., & Dudley, T.L. (2003). Reduction of riparian arthropod abundance and diversity as a consequence of giant reed (Arundo donax) invasion. Biological Invasions 5: 167–177.
- Holt, J.S., & Orcutt, D.R. (1996). Temperature thresholds for bud sprouting in perennial weeds and seed germination in cotton. Indian Journal of Weed Science 44: 523–533.
- ISSG. (2007). Global Invasive Species Database (GISD). Invasive Species Specialist Group of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. Information website: http://www.issg.org.database.
- Iverson, M.E. (1994). The impact of Arundo donax on water resources. In: Jackson, N.E., P.Frandsen, S. Douthit (eds.), November 1993 Arundo donax workshop proceedings: 19-25.
- Johnson, M., Dudley, T., & Burns, C. (2006). Seed production in Arundo donax. Cal-IPC News 14: 12–13
- Juneau, K.J., & Tarasoff, C.S., (2013). The seasonality of survival and subsequent growth of common reed (Phragmites australis) rhizome fragments. Invasive Plant Science and Management 6: 79- 86.
- Kigel, J., & D. Koller. (1985). Asexual reproduction f weeds. P 65-100 in S. 0. Duke, ed. Weed Physiology. Vol. I. Reproduction and Ecophysiology. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
- Michel, B.E., (1983). Evaluation of the water potentials of polyethylene glycol 8000 both in the absence and presence of other solutes. Plant Physiology 72: 66-70.
- Munns, R.M.T. (2008). Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu.Rev. Plant Biology 59: 651- 681.
- Pimentel, D., Zuniga, R., & Morrison, D. (2005). Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecological Economics 52: 273–288.
- Rahman, H.O. (2006). Examining the biology, ecology and weed management licorice. Project Report. Scientific Research Council 124p. (In Persian with English abstract)
- Sánchez, E., Scordia, D., Lino, G., Arias, C., Cosentino, S.L., & Nogués, S. (2017). Salinity and water stress effects on biomass production different Arundo Donax. Journal of Experimental Botany 52: 258–281.
- Shea, K., & Chesson, P. (2002). Community ecology theory as a framework for biological invasions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 17: 170–176.
- Shi, Q.Y., & Cao, H.H. (2012). Effects of Drought Stress on Stalk Germination and Seedling Growth of Arundo donax. Research of Soil and Water Conservation. Information website: http://en.cnki.com.cn
- Soerjani, M., & Soemarwoto, O. (1969). Some factors affecting the germination of alangalang (Imperata cylindrica) rhizome buds. Pacific Science Association 3(15): 376-380.
- Springer, T.L. (2005). Germination and early seedling growth of chaffy-seeded grasses at negative water stress. Crop Sciences 45: 2075-2080.
- Steinmaus, S.J., Prather, T.S., & Holt, J.S. (2000). Estimation of base temperatures for nine weed species. Journal of Experimental Botany 51: 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/51.343.275.
- Tester, M., & Davenport, R. (2003). Na+ tolerance and Na+ transport in higher plants. Invasive Plant Science and Management Botany 91: 503–512. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg058.
- USDA-ARS. (2014). Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Online Database. Beltsville, Maryland, USA: National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. Information website: https://Npgsweb.ars-grin.gov.gringlobal.taxon.taxonomysearch.aspx.
- Valli, F., Trebbi, D., Zegada-Lizarazu, W., Monti, A., Tuberosa, R., & Salvi, S. (2017). In vitro physical mutagenesis of giant reed (Arundo donax L.). GCB Bioenergy 9: 1380–1389. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12458.
- Wijte, A.H.B.M., Mizutani,T., Motamed, E.R., Merryfield, M.L., &Alexander, D.E. (2005). Temperature and endogenous factors cause seasonal patterns in rooting by stem fragments of the invasive Giant Reed, Arundo donax (Poaceae). International Journal of Plant Sciences 166: 507–517.
- Zuniga, G.E., Argandona, V.H., Niemeyer, H.M., & Corcuera, L.J. (1983). Hyroxamic content in wild and cultivated Gramineae. Phytochemistry 22(12): 2665-2668.
|
