ارزیابی شاخص‌های رقابتی و عملکرد کشت مخلوط تریتیکاله(× Triticosecale Wittmack) و نخود (Cicer arietinum L.) تحت تأثیر کود زیستی- آلی در شرایط تنش ‌آبی

بوم شناسی کشاورزی

مقاله 11، دوره 15، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 56، تیر 1402، صفحه 403-425   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/agry.2022.76290.1107

نویسندگان

آیدا رشیدی پور؛ وحید براتی^* ؛ احسان بیژن زاده

گروه اگرواکولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی داراب، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران

چکیده

به­­منظور ارزیابی تأثیر منابع مختلف کودی بر عملکرد و شاخص­های رقابتی تریتیکاله (× Triticosecale Wittmack) و نخود (Cicer arietinum L.) در کشت مخلوط تریتیکاله و نخود تحت شرایط تنش ­آبی، آزمایشی به‌­صورت اسپلیت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه پژوهشی دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی داراب- دانشگاه شیراز در سال زراعی 1399ـ 1398 انجام شد. تیمارها در دو سطح آبیاری [1ـ مطلوب: آبیاری بر اساس نیاز آبی گیاه و 2ـ تنش­ آبی: آبیاری تا مرحله شیری] به­عنوان عامل ­اصلی و سه منبع کودی [شیمیایی: (50 کیلوگرم فسفر بر هکتار + 150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن بر هکتار)، زیستی- آلی: (40 تن کود گوسفندی بر هکتار + تلقیح با سودوموناس فلورسنس (Pseudomonas fluorescens) و آزوسپیریلوم براسیلنس (Azospirillum brasilense)] و تلفیقی: (25 کیلوگرم فسفر بر هکتار + 75 کیلوگرم نیتروژن بر هکتار + 20 تن کود گوسفندی بر هکتار + تلقیح با باکتری­های سودوموناس فلورسنس و آزوسپیریلوم براسیلنس)، و سه الگوی کشت [کشت خالص تریتیکاله، کشت خالص نخود و کشت مخلوط تریتیکاله و نخود (1:1)] به­­عنوان عوامل فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان­ داد، تنش ­آبی  شاخص نسبت برابری زمین هر دو گیاه وکل را افزایش داد. همچنین، بیشترین نسبت برابری کل در تیمار تلفیقی مشاهده شد. شاخص بهره­­وری سیستم به‌واسطه تنش آبی کاهش یافت که کمترین کاهش (17 درصد) در تیمار کود زیستی رخ داد. همچنین، شاخص نسبت رقابتی برای تریتیکاله در تیمار کود شیمیایی و برای نخود در کود زیستی بیشترین مقدار (به­ترتیب 37/1 و 02/1) را داشت. برهم‌کنش تیمار آبیاری × سامانه کودی برای تریتیکاله و نخود نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد دانه نخود و تریتیکاله در تیمار آبیاری مطلوب و کود تلفیقی به­ترتیب (3544 و7450 کیلوگرم بر هکتار) به­دست آمد. همچنین، باتوجه به اینکه کمترین کاهش عملکرد دانه نخود و تریتیکاله به‌واسطه تنش آبی در تیمار کود زیستی (به­ترتیب 27 و 31 درصد) مشاهده شد، کشت تریتیکاله و نخود با کاربرد کود زیستی جهت تعدیل اثرات منفی تنش آبی توصیه می­شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

آزوسپیریلوم؛ بهره‌وری سیستم؛ سودوموناس؛ غلات و حبوبات

مراجع

1. Abalos, D., Jeffery, S., Sanz-Cobena, A., Guardia, G., & Vallejo, A. )2014(. Meta-analysis of the effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment, 189, 136-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.03.036
2. Agegnehu, G., Ghizaw, A., & Sinebo, W. (2006). Yield performance and land-use efficiency of barley and faba bean mixed cropping in Ethiopian European Journal Agronomy, 25(3), 202-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.05.002
3. Alizadeh, A. (2001). Soil-water-plant relationship. Emam Reza University, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
4. Ashrafi-Saeidlou, S., Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M.H., Asadzadeh, F., & Barin, M. (2017). Modeling phosphate solubilization by Pseudomonas fluorescens using response surface methodology. Water and Soil Science, 26(4.2), 299-324. (In Persian)
5. Atieno, M., Herrmann, L., Nguyen, H.T., Phan, H.T., Nguyen, N.K., Srean, P., Than, M.M., Zhiyong, R., Tittabutr, P., Shutsrirung, A., Brau, L., & Lesueur, D. (2020). Assessment of biofertilizer use for sustainable agriculture in the Great Mekong region. Journal of Environmental Management, 275, 111300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111300 .
6. Banik, P., Midya, A., Sarkar, B.K., & Ghose, S.S. (2006). Barley and pea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: Advantages and weed European Journal of Agronomy, 24, 325-332.
7. Barati, S., Basiri, M., Vahabi, M.R., & Mosadeghi, M.R. (2020). Effects of plant density and drought stress on alfalfa leaf water potential (Medicago sativa) and flesh grass (Bromus tomentellus Boiss) and soil weight moisture in solecropping and intercropping. Rangeland, 13(1), 65-75. (In Persian with English Summary)
8. Barati, V., & Bijanzadeh, E. (2020). Grain yield and its components of triticale as affected by silicon foliar application, nitrogen fertilizer and water stress in reproductive phase. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research, 18(4), 435-439. https://doi.org/10.22067/jcesc.2020.88386 .
9. Barati, V., & Ghadiri, H. (2016). Effects of drought stress and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and grain protein content of two barley cultivars. Isfahan University of Technology-Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 6(20), 191-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jcpp.6.20.191 (In Persian with English Summary)
10. Barati, V., Ghadiri, H., Zand-Parsa, S., & Karimian, N. (2015). Nitrogen and water use efficiencies and yield response of barley cultivars under different irrigation and nitrogen regimes in a semi-arid mediterranean climate. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(1), 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2014.921286 .
11. Barker, A.V. (2016). Science and Technology of Organic Farming. Emam Reza University, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
12. Basu, A., Prasad, P., Das, S.N., Kalam, S., Sayyed, R.Z., Reddy, M.S. & El Enshasy, H. (2021). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) as green bioinoculants: Recent developments, constraints, and prospects. Journal of Sustainability, 13(3), 1140. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031140 .
13. Bedoussac, L., & Justes, E. (2011). A comparison of commonly used indices for evaluating species interactions and intercrop efficiency: Application to durum wheat–winter pea intercrops. Field Crops Research, 124(1), 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.05.025
14. Benjamin, J.G., & Nielsen, D.C. (2006). Water deficit effects on root distribution of soybean, Field pea and chickpea. Field Crops Research, 97(2-3), 248-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2005.10.005 .
15. Carranca, C., De Varennes, A., & Rolston, D. (1999). Biological nitrogen fixation by fababean, pea and chickpea, under field conditions, estimated by the 15N isotope dilution technique. European Journal of Agronomy 10(1), 49-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(98)00049-5
16. Cowell, L.E., Bremer, E., & Kessel, C.V. (1989). Yield and N fixation of pea and lentil as affected by intercropping and N application. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 69(2), 243-251. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss89-025 .
17. Cui, Z., Zhang, F., Chen, X., Dou, Z., & Li, J. (2010). In-season nitrogen management strategy for winter wheat: Maximizing yields, minimizing environmental impact in an over-fertilization context. Field Crops Research, 116(1-2), 140-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.12.004 .
18. Dhima, K.V., Lithourgidis, A.S., Vasilakoglou, I.B., & Dordas, C.A. (2007). Competition indices of common vetch and cereal intercrops in two seeding ratio. Field Crops Research, 100, 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.07.008 .
19. Di Salvo, L.P., Ferrando, L., Fernandez-Scavino, A., & De Salamone, I.E.G. (2018). Microorganisms reveal what plants do not: Wheat growth and rhizosphere microbial communities after Azospirillum brasilense inoculation and nitrogen fertilization under field conditions. Plant and Soil, 424(1), 405-417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3548-7 .
20. Dolkhani, F., Bijanzadeh, E., Boostani, H.R., & Behpouri, A. (2021). Effect of nitrogen-fixing bacteria on yield and some macronutrients of two barley cultivars. Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 11(1), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.22069/ejsms.2021.18110.1959 . (In Persian with English Summary)
21. Doodeman, A., Mirshekari, B., Taheri, M., Farahvash, F., & Moradi, P. (2020). Effects of P organic and chemical fertilizers on yield and productivity indicators in barley and grass pea intercropping under Rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of Crop Science, 51(3), 139-149. (In Persian with English Summary)
22. Duchene, O., Vian, J.F., & Celette, F. (2017). Intercropping with legume for agroecological cropping systems: Complementarity and facilitation processes and the importance of soil microorganisms. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 240, 148-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.02.019 .
23. Ercoli, L., Lulli, L., Mariotti, M., Masoni, A., & Arduini, I. (2008). Post-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen dynamics in durum wheat as affected by nitrogen supply and soil water availability. European Journal of Agronomy, 28, 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2007.06.002 .
24. Fallah, S.A., Baharlooii, S., & Sooraki, A.A. (2014). Evaluation of competitive and economic indicators of intercropping of rapeseed (Brassica napus) and chickpeas (Pisum sativum L.) under different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Agroecology, 6(3), 571-581. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v6i3.23941 . (In Persian with English Summary)
25. Fetene, M. (2003). Intra-and inter-specific competition between seedlings of Acacia etbaica and a perennial grass (Hyparrenia hirta). Journal of Arid Environments, 55(3), 441-451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00052-1 .
26. Foster, R.D., & Gilchrist, M.C. (1965). First single cluster corrosion test WANL hydrogen corrosion test facility (No. WANL-TME-1072). Westinghouse Electric Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa. (USA). Astronuclear Lab.
27. Gliessman, S.R., (2001). Agroecology. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian)
28. Goshasbi, F., Heidari, M., Sabbagh, S.K., & Hassan Makarian, H. (2021). Effect of water deficit stress and bio and non-bio-fertilizers on flowering branches yield, photosynthetic pigments and concentration of macro elements in thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Iranian Crop Science, 52(2), 157-172. (In Persian with English Summary)
29. Grimes, D.W., Yamada, H., & Hughes, S.W. (1987). Climate-normalized cotton leaf water potentials for irrigation Agricultural Water Management, 12(4), 293-304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(87)90004-7 .
30. Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., & Jensen, E.S. (2001). Evaluating pea and barley cultivars for complementarily in intercropping at different levels of N availability. Field Crop Research, 72(3), 185-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00176-9 .
31. Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., & Jensen, E.S. (2005). Facilitative root interactions in intercrops In Root physiology from gene to function. Springer, 274, 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4099-7_13 .
32. Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Ambus, P., & Jensen, E.S. (2001). Interspecific competition, N use and interference with weeds in pea-barley intercropping. Field Crops Research, 70(2), 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00126-5 .
33. Haynes, R.J., (1980). Competitive aspects of the grass-legume association. Advances in Agronomy, 33, 227-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60168-6 .
34. Herridge, D.F., Marcellos, H., Felton, W.L., Turner, G.L., & Peoples, M.B. (1995). Chickpea increases soil-N fertility in cereal systems through nitrate sparing and N₂ Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 27(4-5), 545-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(95)98630-7 .
35. Herwaarden, A.F.V. (1995). Carbon, Nitrogen and Water dynamics in dryland Wheat, with particular reference to haying-off.
36. Herwaarden, A.F.V., Farquhar, G.D., Angus, J.F., Richards, R.A., & Howe, G.N. (1998). Haying off, the negative grain yields response of dry land wheat to N fertilizer. I. Biomass, grain yield, and water use. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 49(1), 1067-1081. https://doi.org/10.1071/A97039 .
37. Huntington, T.G. (2006). Available water capacity and soil organic matter. Encyclopedia of Soil Science, 1, 139-143.
38. Jalilian, J., Najafabadi, A., & Zardashti, M.R. (2016). The effect of intercropping patterns on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of safflower forage and Cattle in high-input and low-input cultivation systems. Journal of Crop Improvement, 19(2), 445-460. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2017.60427 . (In Persian with English Summary)
39. Kumar, B.L., & Gopta, D.S. (2015). Effective role of indigenous microorganisms for sustainable environment. 3Biotech, 5(6), 867-876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-015-0293-6
40. Kumar, J., & Abbo, S. (2001). Genetics of flowering time in chickpea and its bearing on productivity in semiarid environments. Advances in agroniomy, 72, 107-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(01)72012-3 .
41. Layek, J., Anup, D., Ramkrushna, G.I., Venkatesh, A., Verma, B.C., Roy, A., Panwar, A.S., & Ngachan, S.V. (2014). Improving productivity of jhum rice through agronomic management practices. In: Book of abstracts. National seminar on shifting cultivation (jhum) in 21^st century: Fitness and 28-29 November, 2014, at CPGS, CAU, Umiam, Meghalaya, p 65.
42. Linquist, B.A., Liu, L., van Kessel, C., & van Groenigen, K.J. (2013). Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers for rice systems: Meta-analysis of yield and nitrogen uptake. Field Crops Reserch, 154, 246–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.08.014 .
43. Majidian, M., Ghalavand, A., Karimian, N., & Kamkar haghighi, A.A. (2009). Effect of moisture stress, nitrogen chemical fertilizer, fertilizer and combination of nitrogen fertilizer and fertilizer on yield, yield components and efficiency of single cross 704 corn juice. Water and Soil Sciences, 12(45), 417-432. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.15625540.1387.10.3.7.4 . (In Persian with English Summary)
44. Marcellos, H., Felton, W.L., & Herridge, D.F. (1998). Chickpea in wheat-based cropping systems of northern New South Wales I. N₂ fixation and influence on soil nitrate and water. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 49(3), 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1071/A97066 .
45. Mariotti, M., Masoni, A., Ercoli, L., & Arduini, I. (2006). Forage potential of winter cereal/legume intercrops in organic farming. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 1(3), 403-412.
46. Mazaheri, D. (1998). Intercropping. Tehran University, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
47. Mead, R., & Willey, R. (1980). The concept of a land equivalent ratio and advantages in yields from intercropping. Experimental Agriculture, 16, 217-228. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700010978 .
48. Mohavieh Asadi, N., Bijanzadeh, E., & Behpouri, A. (2019). Evaluation of seed yield and competitive indices in relay intercropping of barley (Hordeum vulgare ) with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under late season low water stress. Journal of Agroecology, 11(3), 1169-1182. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v11i3.79532. (In Persian with English Summary)
49. Mohsen Abadi, G., Jahansooz, M., Chayichi, M., Rahmatian Mashhadi, R., Liaghat, A., & Savabeghi Firoozabadi, G. (2008). Evaluation of barley-vetch intercropping at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 10(1), 23-31. (In Persian with English Summary)
50. Naik, K., Mishra, S., Srichandan, H., Singh, P.K., & Sarangi, P.K. (2019). Plant growth promoting microbes: Potential link to sustainable agriculture and environment. Biocatalysis and Agricultural biotechnology, 21, 101326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101326 .
51. Nakhzari Moghaddam, A. (2016). Effect of nitrogen and different intercropping arrangements of barley (Hordeum vulgare ) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) on forage yield and competitive indices. Journal of Agroecology, 8(1), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v8i1.12534 . (In Persian with English Summary)
52. Niazi Ardakani, M., Barati, V., & Bijanzadeh, E. (2019). Physiological and biochemical characteristics of barley as affected by biofertilizer, crop residues and water stress. Plant process and function, 9(36), 279-298. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.23222727.1399.9.36.23.6 . (In Persian with English Summary)
53. Niazi Ardakani, M., Barati, V., Bijanzadeh, E., & Behpouri, A. (2020). Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer sources and crop residues on yield and yield components of barley (Hordeum vulgare ) under late season water stress. Journal of Agroecology, 12(1), 107-126. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v12i1.79989 . (In Persian with English Summary)
54. Niksirat, H., Bijanzadeh, E., & Naderi, R. (2018). Effect of cutting off irrigation on yield and competition and economic indices of intercropping barley with legumes. Journal of Agroecology, 10(2), 444-458. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v10i2.55828. (In Persian with English Summary)
55. Niksirat2017, S.H., Bijanzadeh, E., & Behpouri, A. (2017). Effect of cutting off irrigation on yield and advantage indices of barley intercropped with legumes. Plant Eco physiology, 10(34), 46-58. (In Persian with English Summary)
56. Peksen, E., & Gulumser, A. (1995). The Importance of Intercropping in the Black Sea region and possibilities of using some edible legumes and graminae plants in intercropping system. Technics Congress in the Development of Black Sea Region Agriculture, 307-315.
57. Pelzer, E., Hombert, N., Jeuffroy, M.H., & Makowski, D. (2014). Meta‐analysis of the effect of nitrogen fertilization on annual cereal-legume intercrop production. Agronomy Journal, 106(5), 1775-1786. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj13.0590 .
58. Pilbeam, C.J., Wood, M., Harris, C., & Tuladhar, J. (1998). Productivity and nitrogen use of three different wheat-based rotations in North West Syria. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 49(3), 451-458. https://doi.org/10.1071/A97015 .
59. Prasad, A.A., & Babu, S. (2017). Compatibility of Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens in growth promotion of groundnut (Arachis hypogea). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 89, 1027-1040. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160617 .
60. Raei, Y., Sayyadi Ahmadabad, M., Ghassemi-Golezani, K., & Ghassemi, S. (2020). The effect of biological and chemical nitrogen fertilizers on pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and black mustard (Brasassica nigra l.) intercropping. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 30(3), 21-40.
61. Reynders, L., & Vlassak, K. (1982). Use of Azospirillum brasilense as biofertilizer in intensive wheat cropping. Plant and soil, 66(2), 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02183980 .
62. Rezaei-Chiyaneh, E., Rasouli, Y., Jalilian, J., & Ghodsi, M. (2019). Evaluation of quantitative and qualitative yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum ) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in intercropping affected by biological and chemical fertilizers in supplemental irrigation condition. Journal of Agroecology, 11(1), 69-85. https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v11i1.71201 .
63. Rosataei, M., Fallah, S., & Abbasi Surki, A. (2019). Effect of different fertilization systems (chemical, organic and integrated) on competitive and economic indices of fenugreek and black cumin intercropping. Plant Production Technology, 18(1), 159-174. (In Persian with English Summary)
64. Rupela, O.P., & Saxena, M.C. (1987). Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea. The Chickpea, 191-206.
65. Saeidi, M.R, Raei, Y., Amini, R., Pasban Eslam, B., & Rohi Saralan, A. (2019). Effect of nitrogenous and phosphorous biological and chemical fertilizers on growth, yield and fatty acid compositions of safflower intercropped with faba bean. Journal of Crops Improvement, 20(4), 769-784. https://doi.org/10.22059/jci.2018.260250.2052 . (In Persian with English Summary)
66. Saeidi, M.R., Raei,, Amini, R., Taghizadeh, A., & Pasban Eslam, B. (2018). Evaluation of yield and protein content of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) in intercropping with faba bean (Vicia faba L.) under biological and chemical fertilizers. Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainable Production, 28(4), 247-260. (In Persian with English Summary)
67. Singh, J.S., Pandey, V.C., & Singh, D.P. (2011). Efficient soil microorganisms: A new dimension for sustainable agriculture and environmental development. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 140(3-4), 339-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2011.01.017 .
68. Ullah, S., Ashraf, M., Asghar, H.N., Iqbal, Z., & Ali, R. (2019). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria-mediated amelioration of drought in crop plants. Soil and Environment, 38(1), 10-20.
69. Willey, R.W., & Rao, M.R. (1980). A competitive ratio for quantifying competition between intercrops. Experimental Agriculture, 16(2): 117-125. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700010802 .