مروری بر طرح‏‌های انتقال آب بین حوضه‌‏ای در جهان و تأثیر آن بر عوامل محیط‏زیستی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی

آب و توسعه پایدار

مقاله 7، دوره 9، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 24، شهریور 1401، صفحه 57-68   

نوع مقاله: مروری

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jwsd.v9i2.2202.1121

نویسنده

مریم تیموری یگانه^*

دانشجوی دکتری سازه‏‌های آبی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

چکیده

توزیع غیریکنواخت مکانی و زمانی آب، عدم تعادل بین عرضه و تقاضای آب (به‏‌ویژه افزایش تقاضای آب به دلیل محدودیت منابع آب) و تلفات بالای آب در سیستم‌های آبی شهری و کشاورزی، مدیریت منابع آب در مقیاس بزرگ را پیچیده کرده است. بنابراین کنترل و استفاده صحیح از منابع آبی موجود ضروری است. انتقال آب بین حوضه‌‏ای نمونه‏‌ای از راه‌حل‏‌های مورد استفاده برای رفع کمبود آب به ویژه در بخش آب شرب در مناطق و کشورهای خشک است. ازاین‏‌رو چالش‌‏های مختلفی را به‌‏منظور مدیریت پایدار حوضه‌‏ها به وجود آورده است. در پژوهش حاضر با بررسی مشخصات 4 پروژه انتقال آب بین حوضه‌‏ای در سطح بین‌‏المللی، به‌‏منظور افزایش آگاهی درمورد اثرات محیط‌‏زیستی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی این طرح‌‏ها پرداخته شده است. نتایج بررسی‏‌ها نشان داد طرح‌‏های انتقال آب بین حوضه‌‏ای، مستقیماً مدیریت حوضه مبدأ و مقصد را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌‏دهد و اگرچه در کوتاه‏‌مدت موجب کاهش مشکلات کم‏‌آبی در حوضه مقصد خواهد شد، اما در بلندمدت باعث تضعیف شرایط محیط‏زیستی، اقتصادی و اجتماعی در یکی از دو حوضه می‏‌شود. این مسئله خصوصاً در کشورهای خشک و نیمه‏‌خشک که طرح‌‏های انتقال آب از حوضه مبدأ با هدف تأمین آب شرب، کشاورزی و صنعت صورت می‏گیرد مشهودتر خواهد بود. به‏این منظور در اجرای طرح‏‌های انتقال آب بین حوضه‏‌ای لازم است معیارهای یونسکو اعمال شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

انتقال آب بین حوضه‏‌ای؛ عوامل محیط‏زیستی؛ عوامل اجتماعی؛ عوامل اقتصادی

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