شواهد زمین‌ شیمیایی و کانی‌ شناسی بر پیدایش کانسار منگنز کل- بنه، شمال‌ غرب جیرفت، استان کرمان

زمین شناسی اقتصادی

مقاله 4، دوره 14، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 34، 1401، صفحه 95-121   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/econg.2022.76082.1043

نویسندگان

محمد حسین صدقی ده زیاری¹؛ بالنده امین زاده^{* 2}

¹دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران

²استادیار، گروه زمین‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران

چکیده

کانسار منگنز کل- بنه در فاصله 56 کیلومتری شمال‌غرب شهرستان جیرفت، در جنوب‌شرق پهنه ساختاری سنندج- سیرجان واقع‌شده است. رخداد کانی‌سازی به صورت لایه‌ای، نواری، توده‌ای و دانه پراکنده در چرت‌های رادیولاریتی بخش بالایی مجموعه افیولیتی اسفندقه رخ‌داده است. کانی‌شناسی ماده معدنی ساده و شامل پیرولوزیت، براونیت و به مقدار بسیار جزئی هاسمانیت و هماتیت است. کوارتز و کلسیت کانی‌های باطله اصلی را تشکیل می‌دهند. شواهد زمین‌شیمیایی نظیر نسبت‌های بالای Mn/Fe (میانگین 39/89)، Si/Al (میانگین 20)، مقادیر نسبتاً بالای Ba (میانگین ppm 3/842)، مقادیر پایین Cu (میانگین ppm 07/92)، Ni (میانگین  ppm38/63)، Co (میانگین  ppm04/13)، Zn (میانگین  ppm15/68) محتوای کم عناصر نادر خاکی (ppm 13/96 -1/28)، ناهنجاری منفی Ce  (7/0 - 3/0Ce/Ce*: )، ناهنجاری مثبت ضعیف  Eu(35/1- 64/0 : Eu/Eu*)، نحوه توزیع عناصر خاکی‌ نادر در نمونه‌های کانسنگ و نتایج تحلیل‌های زمین‌شیمیایی بیانگر آمیختگی سیال گرمابی با آب دریا به دور از دودکش گرمابی منشأ در بستر حوضه اقیانوسی است. نتایج داده‌های زمین‌شیمیایی، ژئومتری ماده معدنی، سنگ میزبان، ساخت، بافت و کانی‌شناسی نشان می‌دهد که فرایند کانه‌سازی در کانسار کل- بنه با ذخایر گرمابی- آب‌زاد زیردریایی مطابقت دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

کانی شناسی؛ زمین شیمی؛ کل- بنه؛ کانسار منگنز؛ جیرفت؛ پهنه ساختاری سنندج-سیرجان

مراجع

Alavi, M., 1991. Sedimentary and structural characteristics of the Paleo-Tethys remnants in northeastern Iran. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 103(8): 983–992. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103%3C0983:SASCOT%3E2.3.CO;2

Aminzadeh, B. and Rahimpour, Y., 2021. Geology, geochemistry and genesis of the Godar Sabz Mn deposit in the Baft region, Iran. Geochemistry, 81(4): 125827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2021.125827

 Amiri, A., 1995. Geology, mineralogy and controlling factors of formation and concentration of ore matter in Robat Karim manganese deposit, SW Tehran-Iran. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran, 200 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Badrzadeh, Z., Barrett, T.J., Peter, J.M., Gimeno, D., Sabzehei, M. and Aghazadeh, M., 2011. Geology, mineralogy, and sulfur isotope geochemistry of the Sargaz Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, Iran. Mineralium Deposita, 46: 905–923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-011-0357-4

Bau, M. and Dulski, P., 1996. Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman iron-formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Precambrian Research, 79(1–2):  37–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(95)00087-9

Bau, M. and Dulski, P., 1999. Comparing yttrium and rare earths in hydrothermal fluids from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: implications for Y and REE behaviour during near-vent mixing and for the Y/Ho ratio of Proterozoic seawater. Chemical Geology, 155(1–2):  77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(98)00142-9

Bau, M., Schmidt, K., Koschinsky, A., Hein, J.R. and Usui, A., 2014. Discriminating between different genetic types of marine ferro-manganese crusts and nodules based on rare earth elements and yttrium. Chemical Geology, 381: 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.05.004

Bazilevskaya, E.S., 2009. Ocean Environment and Developing of Oceanic Iron-Manganese Ores. Doklady Earth Sciences, 429: 1417–1419. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X09090013

Bonyadi, Z. and Moore, F., 2005. Geochemistry and genesis of Narigan ferromanganese deposit, Bafgh, Yazd province. The Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 15(57): 54–63. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved November 9, 2022 from https://www.sid.ir/paper/31659/en

Brooking, D.G., 1988. Eh-pH diagrams for geochemistry. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 176 pp. Retrieved October 26, 2022 from https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-73093-1

Chen, D., Qing, H., Yan, X. and Li, H., 2006. Hydrothermal venting and basin evolution (Devonian, South China): constraints from rare earth element geochemistry of chert. Sedimentary Geology, 183(3–4): 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.09.020

Choi, J.H. and Hariya, Y., 1992. Geochemistry and depositional environment of Mn oxide deposits in the Tokora Belt, norteastern Hokkaido, Japan. Economic Geology, 87: 1265–1274. https://doi.org/10.2113/GSECONGEO.87.5.1265

Doulatkhah, R., Rastad, E. and Emami, M.H., 2005. Garab stratiform manganese deposit in the Oligo miocene volcano-sedimentary sequence, northeast of Taleghan (central Alborz). The Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14(56): 40–51. (in Persian with English abstract) Retrieved October 26, 2022 from https://www.sid.ir/paper/32632/en

Evensen, M.N., Hamilton, P. and O Nions, R.K., 1978. Rare-earth abundances in chondritic meteorites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 42(8): 1199–1212. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(78)90114-X

Force, E.R. and Cannon, W.F., 1988. Depositional model for shallow-marine manganese deposits around black shale basins. Economic Geology, 83(1): 93–117. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.83.1.93

Fu, Y. and Wen, H., 2020. Variabilities and enrichment mechanisms of the dispersed elements in marine Fe-Mn deposits from the Pacific Ocean.  Ore Geology Reviews, 121: 103470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103470

Glasby, G.P., 1997. Fractionation of manganese from iron in Arcean and Proterozoic sedimentary ores. In: K. Nicholson, J.R. Hein and S. Dasgupta (Editors), Manganese mineralization: geochemistry and mineralogy of terrestrial and marine deposits. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, London, 29–42 pp. Retrieved November 9, 2022 from https://books.google.com/books/about/Manganese_Mineralization.html?id=gByCNEdt5twC

Hein, J.R., Koschinsky, A., Halbach, P.E., Manheim, F.T., Bau, M., Kang, J.K. and Lubick, N., 1997. Iron and manganese oxide mineralization in the Pacific. Geological Society Special Publication, 119(1): 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.09

Hein, J.R., Schulz, M.S., Dunham, R.E., Stern, R.J. and Bloomer, S.H., 2008. Diffuse flow hydrothermal manganese mineralization along the active Mariana and southern Izu-Bonin arc system, western Pacific. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113(8): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JB005432

Hein, J.R., Yeh, H.W., Gunn, S.H., Gibbs, A.E. and Wang, C.H., 1994. Composition and origin of hydrothermal ironstones from central Pacific seamounts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 58(1): 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90455-3

Heshmatbehzadi, K. and Shahabpour, J., 2010. Metallogeny of manganese and ferromanganese ores in Baft ophiolitic Mélange, Kerman, Iran. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(2): 302–313. Retrieved October 25, 2022 from http://ajbasweb.com/old/ajbas/2010/302-313.pdf

Holster, W.T., 1997. Evaluation of the application of rare-earth elements to paleoceanography. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 132(1–4): 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(97)00069-2

Hongo, Y. and Nozaki, Y., 2001. Rare earth element geochemistry of hydrothermal deposits and Calyptogena shell from the Iheya Ridge vent field, Okinawa Trough. Geochemical Journal, 35(5): 347–354. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.35.347

Ingram, B.L., Hein, J.R. and Farmer, G.L., 1990. Age determinations and growth rates of Pacific ferromanganese deposits using strontium isotopes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54(6): 1709–1721. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(90)90402-7

Jach, R. and Dudek, T., 2005. Origin of a Toarcian manganese carbonate/silicate deposit from the Krízna unit, Tatra Mountains, Poland. Chemical Geology. 224(1–3): 136–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.07.018

Jiancheng, X., Xiaoyong, Y., Jianguo, D. and Wei, X., 2006. Geochemical characteristics of sedimentary manganese deposit of Guichi, Anhui Province, China. Journal of Rare Earths, 24(3): 374–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(06)60127-0

Josso, P., Pelleter, E., Pourret, O., Fouquet, Y., Etoubleaua, J., Cheron, S. and Bollinger, C., 2017. A new discrimination scheme for oceanic ferromanganese deposits using high field strength and rare earth elements. Ore Geology Reviews, 87: 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.09.003

Karakus, A., Yavuz, B. and Koc, S., 2010. Mineralogy and major trace element geochemistry of the haymana manganese mineralizations, Ankara, Turkey. Geochemistry International, 48(10): 1014–1027. https://doi.org/10.1134/S001670291010006X

Klinkhammer, G.P., Heggie, D.T. and Graham, D.W., 1982. Metal diagenesis in oxic marine sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 61(2):211–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(82)90054-1

Maanijou, M., Nasiri, A., Aliani, F., Mostaghimi, M., Gholipoor, M. and Maghsoodi, A., 2015. The study of major, trace and rare earth elements geochemistry in Shahrestanak Mn deposit, south of Qom: Implications for genesis. Journal of Economic Geology, 7(1):1–21. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v7i1.23393

Maghfouri, S., Rastad, A., Mousivand, F., Choulet, F. and Lin, Y., 2017. Geological and geochemical constraints on the cheshmeh-frezi volcanogenic stratiform manganese deposit, Southwest Sabzevar basin Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 89: 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.06.015

Maghfouri, S., Rastad, E., Movahednia, M., Lentz, D.R., Hosseinzadeh, M.R., Ye, L. and Mousivand, F., 2019.  Metallogeny and temporal–spatial distribution of manganese mineralizations in Iran: Implications for future exploration. Ore Geology Reviews, 115: 103026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103026

Mahdavi, M., Dabiri, R. and Shah Hosseini, E., 2015. Magmatic evolution and compositional characteristics of tertiary volcanic rocks associated with the Venarch manganese mineralization, SW Qom, central Iran. Earth Sciences Research Journal, 19(2): 141–145.  https://doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v19n2.49372

Mahmoudi, S., Geravandi, P., Ghasemi Siani, M. and Gholizadeh, K., 2020. Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of Mn mineralization associated with the Noorabad Delfan radiolarites, Northwestern Lorestan. Journal of Economic Geology, 11(4): 603–627. (in Persian with English abstract) https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v11i4.67074

Maynard, J., 2010. The chemistry of manganese ores through time: a sig-nal of increasing diversity of earth-surface environments. Economic Geology, 105(3): 535–552. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.3.535

Mazhari, N., Malekzadeh Shafaroudi, A. and Ghaderi, M., 2015. Geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of Ferezneh ferromanganese anomaly, east of Sangan mines complex, NE Iran. Journal of Economic Geology, 7(1): 23–37. (in Persian with English abstract)  https://doi.org/10.22067/econg.v7i1.44694

Mohajjel, M. and Fergusson, C.L., 2000. Dextral transpression in Late Cretaceous continental collision, Sanandaj–Sirjan zone, Western Iran. Journal of Structural Geology, 22(8): 1125–1139. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(00)00023-7

Mosadegh, M., 2015. Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the Halalan Mn deposit, Moalleman area, south of Damghan. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahroud, Iran,190 pp. (in Persian with English abstract)

Nicholson, K., 1992. Genetic types of manganese oxide deposits in Scotland: Indicators of paleo-Ocean-spreading rate and a Devonian geochemical mobility boundary. Economic Geology, 87(5): 1301–1309. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.5.1301

Nicholson, K., Hein, J.R. and Dsgupta, S., 1997. Manganese mineralization: Geochemistry and mineralogy of terrestrial and marine deposits. Geological Society of London, London, 370 pp. Retrieved November 9, 2022 from https://books.google.com/books/about/Manganese_Mineralization.html?id=gByCNEdt5twC

Öksüz, N., 2011. Geochemical characteristics of the Eymir (Sorgun-Yozgat) manganese deposits, Turkey. Journal of Rare Earths, 29(3): 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60446-2

Pattan, J.N., Pearce, N.J.G. and Mislankar, P.G., 2005. Constraints in using Cerium anomaly of bulk sediments as an indicator of paleo bottom water redox environment: a case study from the Central Indian Ocean Basin. Chemical Geology, 221(3–4): 260–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.06.009

Pelleter, E., Fouquet, Y., Etoubleau, J., Cheron, S., Labanieh, S., Josso, P. and Langlade, J., 2017. Ni-Cu-Co-rich hydrothermal manganese mineralization in the Wallis and Futuna back-arc environment (SW Pacific). Ore Geology Reviews, 87: 126–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.09.014

Pitzalis, E., Fulignati, P., Lezzerini, M., Cioni, R., Pinarelli, L., Tamponi, M. and Gioncada, A., 2019. Origin of volcanic-hosted Mn-oxide mineralization from San Pietro Island (SW Sardinia, Italy): An integrated geochemical, mineralogical and isotopic study. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 204: 206–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.05.010

Polgari, M., Hein, J.R., Vigh, T., Szabo-Drubina, M., Forizs, I., Biro, L., Muller, A. and Toth, A.L., 2012. Microbial processes and the origin of the Urkut manganese deposit, Hungary. Ore Geology Reviews, 47: 87–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2011.10.001

Pourret, O., Davranche, M., Gruau, G. and Dia, A., 2008. New insights into cerium anomalies in organic-rich alkaline waters. Chemical Geology, 251(1–4): 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.03.002

Rajabi, A., Canet, C., Rastad, E. and Alfonsa, P., 2014. Basin evolution and stratigraphic correlation of sedimentary-exhalative Zn–Pb deposits of the Early Cambrian Zarigan-Chahmir Basin, Central Iran. Ore Geology Reviews, 64: 328–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.07.013

Rajabzadeh, M.A., Haddad, F., Polgari, M., Fintor, K., Walter, H., Molnar, Z. and Gyollai, I., 2017. Investigation on the role of microorganisms in manganese mineralization from Abadeh-Tashk area, Fars Province, southwestern Iran by using petrographic and geochemical data. Ore Geology Reviews, 80: 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.06.035

Sabatino, N., Neri, R., Bellanca, A., Jenkyns, H.C., Masetti, D. and Scopelliti, G., 2011. Petrography and high-resolution geochemical records of Lower Jurassic manganese rich deposits from Monte Mangart, Julian Alps. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 299(1–2): 97–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.10.039

Sabzehei, M., 1974. Les melanges ophiolitiques de la region d Esfandagheh. These, Universite de Grenoble, Grenoble, France, 303 pp.

Sabzehei, M. and Youssefi, E.G., 2000. An introduction to the geology and mineral exploration of Sargaz Kuh massive sulfide deposit Southeast Iran. Unpublished Report for Arman-Pajouh-e-Sabzevaran project, 59 pp.

Sasmaz, A., Turkyilmaz, B., Ozturk, N., Yavuz, F. and Kumral, M., 2014. Geology and geochemistry of Middle Eocene Maden complex ferromanganese deposits from the Elazıg-Malatya region, eastern Turkey. Ore Geology Reviews, 56: 352–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.06.012

Sasmaz, A., Zagnitko, V.M. and Sasmaz, B., 2020. Major, trace and rare earth element (REE) geochemistry of the Oligocene stratiform manganese oxide-hydroxide deposits in the Nikopol, Ukraine. Ore Geology Reviews, 126: 103772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103772

Shahraki, A., 2003. 1/100000 geological map of Esfandaqeh sheet. Geological Survey of Iran.

Stöcklin, J., 1968. Structural history and tectonics of Iran: a review. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 52(7): 1229–1258. https://doi.org/10.1306/5D25C4A5-16C1-11D7-8645000102C1865D

Sun, S.S. and McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes. Geological Society London Special, 42: 313–345. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19

Surya Prakash, L., Ray, D., Paropkari, A.L., Mudholkar, A.V., Satyanarayanan, M., Sreenivas, B., Chandrasekharam, D., Kota, D., Kamesh Raju, K.A., Kaisary, S., Balaram, V. and Gurav, T., 2012. Distribution of REEs and yttrium among major geochemical phases of marine Fe-Mn-oxides: comparative study between hydrogenous and hydrothermal deposits. Chemical Geology, 312–313: 127–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.03.024

Taylor, S.R. and Mclennan, S.M., 1985. The Continental Crustal: Its Composition and Evolution. Blackwell, Oxford, 312 pp.

Tostevin, R., Shields, G.A., Tarbuck, G.M., He, T. and Clarkson, M.O., Wood, R.A., 2016. Effective use of cerium anomalies as a redox proxy in carbonate-dominated marine settings. Chemical Geology, 438: 146–162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.06.027

Tsukamoto, Y., Nonaka, K., Ishida, A. and Kakegawa, T., 2020. Geochemical and mineralogical studies of ca.12 Ma hydrothermal manganese-rich rocks in the Hokuroku district in Japan. Ore Geology Reviews, 121: 103539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103539

Usui, A. and Someya, M., 1997. Destribution and composition of marine hydrogenetic and hydrothermal manganese deposits in the northwest Pacific. Geological Society Special Publication, 119(1): 177–198. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1997.119.01.12

Vereshchagin, O.S., Perova, E.N., Brusnitsyn, A.I., Ershova, V.B., Khudoley, A.K., Shilovskikh, V.V. and Molchanova, E.V., 2019. Ferro-manganese nodules from the Kara Sea: mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis. Ore Geology Reviews, 106: 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.01.023

Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W., 2010. Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95(1): 185–187. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2010.3371

Wu, C., Zhang, Z., Xiao, J., Fu, Y., Shao, S., Zheng, C., Yao, J. and Xiao, Ch., 2016. Nanhuan manganese deposits within restricted basins of the southeastern Yangtze Platform, China: Constraints from geological and geochemical evidence. Ore Geology Reviews, 75: 76–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.12.003

Xie, J., Sun, W., Du, J., Xu, W., Wu, L., Yang, X. and Zhou, T., 2013. Geochemical studies on Permian manganese deposits in Guichi, eastern China: Implications for their origin and formative environments. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 74: 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.04.002

Yasukawa, K., Kino, S., Azami, K., Tanaka, E., Mimura, K., Ohta, J., Fujinaga, K. and Nakamura,

K., Kato, Y., 2020. Geochemical features of Fe-Mn micronodules in deep-sea sediments of the western North Pacific Ocean: Potential for co-product metal extraction from REY-rich mud. Ore Geology Reviews, 127: 103805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103805