تحلیل حساسیت زمان انحلال، دمای پیرسازی و افزودن نانوذرات خاک رس بر سختی آلیاژ آلومینیوم- سیلیسیم پیستون به‌روش آنالیز رگرسیون

مهندسی متالورژی و مواد

دوره 33، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 28، دی 1401، صفحه 67-94   

نوع مقاله: علمی و پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jmme.2022.75681.1044

نویسندگان

حامد بهمن آبادی؛ محمد آزادی^*

دانشکده مهندسی مکانیک، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان.

چکیده

در این مقاله، به تحلیل حساسیت پارامترهای عملیات حرارتی شامل زمان انحلال، دمای پیرسازی و نیز افزودن نانوذرات بر سختی آلیاژ آلومینیوم- سیلیسیم (AlSi12CuNiMg) پیستون موتور خودرو به‌روش آنالیز رگرسیون پرداخته شده است. بدین‌منظور، از نانوذرات خاک رس به‌مقدار 1 درصد وزنی جهت ساخت نانوکامپوزیت پایه‌فلزی، استفاده شده و نمونه‌های استاندارد، با روش ریخته‌گری گردابی و گرانشی ساخته شدند. به‌منظور یافتن شرایط بهینه عملیات حرارتی جهت دستیابی به بیشترین مقدار سختی، فرآیند انحلال با دمای 500 درجه سانتی‌گراد به‌مدت 1، 3 و 5 ساعت و نیز فرآیند پیرسازی با دماهای 200، 215 و 230 درجه سانتی‌گراد به‌مدت 6 ساعت برروی آلیاژ پایه و نیز نانوکامپوزیت پایه‌فلزی، اعمال گردید. نتایج تجربی نشان داد که دمای پیرسازی، پارامتری با بیشترین تأثیر و زمان انحلال و نیز افزودن نانوذرات، پارامترهایی با کمترین میزان تأثیر بر سختی آلیاژ بوده‌اند. همچنین، زمان 5 ساعت برای فرآیند انحلال و دمای 200 درجه سانتی‌گراد برای فرآیند پیرسازی، شرایط بهینه برای عملیات حرارتی بوده و موجب دستیابی به بیشترین میزان سختی شده‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

آلیاژ آلومینیوم- سیلیسیم؛ آنالیز رگرسیون؛ پیستون موتور؛ عملیات حرارتی؛ نانوذرات رس

مراجع

[1] M. Azadi, “Effects of Strain Rate and Mean Strain on Cyclic Behavior of Aluminum Alloys under Isothermal and Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Loadings,” International Journal of Fatigue, vol. 47, pp. 148-153, 2013.

[2] H. Bahmanabadi, Experimental and Numerical Study on Low-cycle Fatigue Behavior of Aluminum Metal Matrix Nanocomposite at Different Temperatures, MSc Thesis, Semnan University, 2020, (In Persian).

[3] M. Zolfaghari, Investigation of Nano-Particles Addition Effect on Bending High-Cycle Fatigue Lifetime in Engine Piston Aluminum Alloy, MSc Thesis, Semnan University, 2018, (In Persian).

[4] J. Mohamadigangaraj, S. Nourouzi, H. Jamshidi Aval, “The Effect of Heat Treatment and Cooling Conditions on Friction Stir Processing of A390-10 wt% SiC Aluminium Matrix Composite,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 263, pp. 124423, 2021.

[5] M. Alphonse, V. K. B. Raja, M. S. Vivek, N. V. S. D. Raj, M. S. S. Darshan, P. Bharmal, “Effect of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Forged Aluminium Alloy AA2219,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 44, pp. 3811-3815, 2021.

[6] M. Azadi, S. Rezanezhad, M. Zolfaghari, M. Azadi, “Effects of Various Ageing Heat Treatments on Microstructural Features and Hardness of Piston Aluminum Alloy,” International Journal of Engineering, Transactions A: Basics, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 92-98, 2019.

[7] E. Rajkeerthi, C. P. Satyanarayan, M. Jaivignesh, N. Pradeep, P. Hariharan, “Effect of Heat Treatment on Strength of Aluminium Matrix Composites,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 46, pp. 4419-4425, 2020.

[8] B. Safarbali, M. Shamanian, A. Eslami, “Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Joint Properties of Dissimilar Friction Stir Welded 2024-T4 and 7075-T6 Aluminum Alloys,” Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), vol. 28, no. 7, pp. 1287-1297, 2018.

[9] Z. Yuan, W. Tian, F. Li, Q. Fu, X. Wang, W. Qian, W. An, “Effect of Heat Treatment on The Interface of High-Entropy Alloy Particles Reinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites,” Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol. 822, pp. 153658, 2020.

[10] A. K. Padap, A.P. Yadav, P. Kumar, N. Kumar, “Effect of Aging Heat Treatment and Uniaxial Compression on Thermal Behavior of 7075 Aluminum Alloy,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 33, pp. 5442-5447, 2020.

[11] M. Azadi, H. Bahmanabadi, F. Gruen, G. Winter, “Evaluation of Tensile and Low-Cycle Fatigue Properties at Elevated Temperatures in Piston Aluminum-Silicon Alloys With and Without Nano-Clay-Particles and Heat Treatment,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 788, pp. 139497, 2020.

[12] J. Yi, G. Wang, S. Li, Z. Liu, Y. Gong, “Effect of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Welded Joints of 6061-T6 Aluminum Alloy,” Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 2035-2046, 2019.

[13] M. Azadi, S. Rezanezhad, M. Zolfaghari, M. Azadi, “Investigation of Tribological and Compressive Behaviors of Al/SiO₂ Nanocomposites After T6 Heat Treatment,” Sadhana - Academy Proceedings in Engineering Sciences, vol. 45, no. 1, 2020.

[14] S. Prakash, R. John Felix Kumar, S. Jerome, “Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CNT Welded Aluminium Alloy 2024,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 13, pp. 26997-27003, 2018.

[15] M. Azadi, A. Basiri, A. Dadashi, G. Winter, B. Seisenbacher, F. Gruen, “Effect of Nano-Clay Addition and Heat-Treatment on Tensile and Stress-Controlled Low-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Aluminum-Silicon Alloy: Effect of Nano-Clay Addition and Heat-Treatment,” Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale, vol. 15, no. 57, pp. 373-397, 2021.

[16] M. J. Sharifi, M. Azadi, M. Azadi, “Sensitivity Analysis of Heat Treatment Parameters on Cylinder-head Aluminum Alloy Properties by Regression Method,” Journal of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 57-74, 2021, (In Persian).

[17] M. Azadi, Improvement and Optimization of Vibration Behavior of a vehicle full body by Design of Experiments, MSc Thesis, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, 2013, (In Persian).

[18] D. C. Montgomery, Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley and Sons, 2017.

[19] M. Azadi, H. Bahmanabadi, J. Torkian, G. Nosrat, “Investigation of Nano-Clay Particles Addition on Microstructure, Fracture Surface, and Mechanical Properties of Piston Aluminum Alloy in Automotive Engine,” Sharif Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. 36.3, no. 2, pp. 41-49, 2020, (In Persian).

[20] M. Wang, J. C. Pang, H. Q. Liu, S. X. Li, Z. F. Zhang, “Influence of Microstructures on The Tensile and Low-Cycle Fatigue Damage Behaviors of Cast Al12Si4Cu3NiMg Alloy,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 759, pp. 797-803, 2019.

[21] M. Wang, J. C. Pang, H. Q. Liu, C. L. Zou, S. X. Li, Z. F. Zhang, “Deformation Mechanism and Fatigue Life of An Al-12Si Alloy at Different Temperatures and Strain Rates,” International Journal of Fatigue, vol. 127, pp. 268-274, 2019.

[22] R. Canyook, R. Utakrut, C. Wongnichakorn, K. Fakpan, S. Kongiang, “The Effects of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Rheocasting ADC12 Aluminum Alloy,” in Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 9476-9482, 2018.

[23] C. L. Chen, A. Richter, R. C. Thomson, “Mechanical Properties of Intermetallic Phases in Multi-Component Al-Si Alloys Using Nanoindentation,” Intermetallics, vol. 17, no. 8, pp. 634-641, 2009.

[24] Z. Asghar, G. Requena, H. P. Degischer, P. Cloetens, “Three-Dimensional Study of Ni Aluminides in An AlSi12 Alloy by Means of Light Optical and Synchrotron Microtomography,” Acta Materialia, vol. 57, no. 14, pp. 4125-4132, 2009.

[25] Y. Li, Y. Yang, Y. Wu, L. Wang, X. Liu, “Quantitative Comparison of Three Ni-Containing Phases to The Elevated-Temperature Properties of Al-Si Piston Alloys,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 527, no. 26, pp. 7132-7137, 2010.

[26] C. Y. Jeong, "Effect of Alloying Elements on High Temperature Mechanical Properties for Piston Alloy,” Materials Transactions, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 234-239, 2012.

[27] C. B. Basak, A. Meduri, N. Hari Babu, "Influence of Ni in High Fe Containing Recyclable Al-Si Cast Alloys,” Materials and Design, vol. 182, pp. 108017, 2019.

[28] P. Apichai, J. Kajornchiyakul, J. T. H. Pearce, A. Wiengmoon, “Effect of Precipitation Hardening Temperatures and Times on Microstructure, Hardness and Tensile Properties of Cast Aluminium Alloy A319,” Naresuan University Engineering Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 28-33, 2011.

[29] E. Feyzullahoǧlu, A. T. Ertürk, E. A. Guven, “Influence of Forging and Heat Treatment on Wear Properties of Al-Si and Al-Pb Bearing Alloys in Oil Lubricated Conditions,” Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China (English Edition), vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 3575-3583, 2013.

[30] A. M. Samuel, E. M. Elgallad, H. W. Doty, S. Valtierra, F. H. Samuel, “Effect of Metallurgical Parameters on The Microstructure, Hardness Impact Properties, and Fractography of Al-(6.5-11.5) wt% Si based Alloys,” Materials and Design, vol. 107, pp. 426-439, 2016.

[31] R. K. Singh, A. Telang, M. M. Khan, “Effect of T6 Heat Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Abrasive Wear Response of Fly Ash Reinforced Al-Si Alloy,” Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 10062-10068, 2017.

[32] W. Kasprzak, H. Kurita, G. Birsan, B. S. Amirkhiz, “Hardness Control of Al-Si HPDC Casting Alloy via Microstructure Refinement and Tempering Parameters,” Materials and Design, vol. 103, pp. 365-376, 2016.

[33] S. Joseph, S. Kumar, R. P. Babu, “Compressive Flow Behavior of Al-Si based Alloy: Role of Heat Treatment,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 629, pp. 41-53, 2015.

[34] M. Zeren, “The Effect of Heat-Treatment on Aluminum-based Piston Alloys", Materials and Design, vol. 28, no. 9, pp. 2511-2517, 2007.

[35] H. Yang, S. Ji, Z. Fan, “Effect of Heat Treatment and Fe Content on The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Die-Cast Al-Si-Cu Alloys,” Materials and Design, vol. 85, pp. 823-832, 2015.

[36] L.F. Wang, J. Sun, X. L. Yu, Y. Shi, X. G. Zhu, L. Y. Cheng, H. H. Liang, B. Yan, L. J. Guo, “Enhancement in Mechanical Properties of Selectively Laser-Melted AlSi10Mg Aluminum Alloys by T6-like Heat Treatment,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 734, pp. 299-310, 2018.

[37] O. E. Sebaie, A. M. Samuel, F. H. Samuel, H. W. Doty, “The Effects of Mischmetal, Cooling Rate and Heat Treatment on The Hardness of A319.1, A356.2 and A413.1 Al-Si Casting Alloys,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 486, no. 1-2, pp. 241-252, 2008.

[38] M. Farokhpour, M. S. A. Parast, M. Azadi, “Evaluation of Hardness and Microstructural Features in Piston Aluminum-Silicon Alloys after Different Ageing Heat Treatments,” Results in Materials, vol. 16, pp. 100323, 2022.

[39] L.Y. Pio, "Effect of T6 Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Gravity Die Cast A356 Aluminium Alloy,” Journal of Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2048-2052, 2011.

[40] V. Firouzdor, M. Rajabi, E. Nejati, F. Khomamizadeh, “Effect of Microstructural Constituents on The Thermal Fatigue Life of A319 Aluminum Alloy,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 454-455, pp. 528-535, 2007.

[41] K. Sasaki, T. Takahashi, “Low Cycle Thermal Fatigue and Microstructural Change of AC2B-T6 Aluminum Alloy,” International Journal of Fatigue, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 203-210, 2006.

[42] A. Moffat, S. Barnes, B. Mellor, P. Reed, “The Effect of Silicon Content on Long Crack Fatigue Behaviour of Aluminium-Silicon Piston Alloys at Elevated Temperature,” International Journal of Fatigue, vol. 27, no. 10-12, pp. 1564-1570, 2005.

[43] S. H. Juang, L. J. Fan, H. P. O. Yang, “Influence of Preheating Temperatures and Adding Rates on Distributions of Fly Ash in Aluminum Matrix Composites Prepared by Stir Casting,” International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 1321-1327, 2015.

[44] J. L. Cavazos, R. Colas, “Precipitation in A Heat-Treatable Aluminum Alloy Cooled at Different Rates,” Materials Characterization, vol. 47, no. 3-4, pp. 175-179, 2001.

[45] K. El-Menshawy, A. W. A. El-Sayed, M. E. El-Bedawy, H. A. Ahmed, S. M. El-Raghy, “Effect of Aging Time at Low Aging Temperatures on The Corrosion of Aluminum Alloy 6061,” Corrosion Science, vol. 54, pp. 167-173, 2012.

[46] S. Tabibian, E. Charkaluk, A. Constantinescu, G. Guillemot, F. Szmytka, “Influence of Process-Induced Microstructure on Hardness of Two Al-Si Alloys,” Materials Science and Engineering A, vol. 646, pp. 190-200, 2015.

[47] F. Kamali, M. Azadi, “An Evaluation of Tribological and Mechanical Properties of Al-Si-Cu Alloy with Nano-Clay Particles Reinforcement,” Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, vol. 233, no. 19-20, pp. 7062-7076, 2019.

[48] Z. Qian, X. Liu, D. Zhao, G. Zhang, “Effects of Trace Mn Addition on The Elevated Temperature Tensile Strength and Microstructure of A Low-Iron Al-Si Piston Alloy,” Materials Letters, vol. 62, no. 14, pp. 2146-2149, 2008.

[49] M. Azadi, M. M. Shirazabad, “Heat Treatment Effect on Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue and Low Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of A356.0 Aluminum Alloy,” Materials and Design, vol. 45, pp. 279-285, 2013.

[50] S. Khisheh, M. Azadi, V. Z. Hendoabadi, M. S. A. Parast, G. Winter, B. Seisenbacher, F. Gruen, K. Khalili, “Influence of T6 Heat-Treating and Over-Ageing on Out-of-Phase Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Behaviors of Al-Si-Cu Alloy,” Materials Today Communications, pp. 104803, 2022.

[51] S. Rezanezhad, M. Azadi, M. Azadi, “Influence of Heat Treatment on High-Cycle Fatigue and Fracture Behaviors of Piston Aluminum Alloy Under Fully-Reversed Cyclic Bending,” Metals and Materials International, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 860-870, 2021.

[52] W. Shi, B. Gao, G. Tu, S. Li, Y. Hao, F. Yu, “Effect of Neodymium on Primary Silicon and Mechanical Properties of Hypereutectic Al-15%Si alloy,” Journal of Rare Earths, vol. 28, pp. 367-370, 2010.

[53] M. Azadi, S. Rezanezhad, M. Zolfaghari, M. Azadi, “Effect of Simultaneous Use of Silica Nanoparticles and Heat Treatment on High-Cycle Bending Fatigue Lifetime in Piston Aluminum Alloy,” Modares Mechanical Engineering, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1463-1473, 2020, (In Persian).

[54] M. Garat, and G. Laslaz, Improved Aluminium Alloys for Common Rail Diesel Cylinder Heads, Engineering, 2007.

[55] J. Feng, B. Ye, L. Zuo, R. Qi, Q. Wang, H. Jiang, R. Huang, W. Ding, “Effects of Ni Content on Low Cycle Fatigue and Mechanical Properties of Al-12Si-0.9Cu-0.8Mg-xNi at 350°C,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 706, pp. 27-37, 2017.

[56] M. Zhu, Z. Jian, G. Yang, Y. Zhou, “Effects of T6 Heat Treatment on The Microstructure, Tensile Properties, and Fracture Behavior of The Modified A356 alloys,” Materials and Design, vol. 36, pp. 243-249, 2012.

[57] M. Azadi, “Cyclic Thermo-Mechanical Stress, Strain and Continuum Damage Behaviors in Light Alloys during Fatigue Lifetime considering Heat Treatment Effect,” International Journal of Fatigue, vol. 99, pp. 303-314, 2017.

[58] M. Azadi, H. Bahmanabadi, F. Gruen, G. Winter, B. Seisenbacher, “Cyclic Hardening/Softening Experimental Data in Nano-Clay-Composite and Aluminum Alloy under High-Temperature Strain-Controlled Loading,” Experimental Results, vol. 3, pp. e6, 2022.

[59] E. Ogris, A. Wahlen, H. Lüchinger, P. Uggowitzer, “On The Silicon Spheroidization in Al-Si alloys,” Journal of Light Metals, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 263-269, 2002.

[60] D. Zhang, L. Zheng, D. St John, “Effect of A Short Solution Treatment Time on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Modified Al-7wt.%Si-0.3wt.%Mg alloy,” Journal of Light Metals, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 27-36, 2002.

[61] V. S. Krasnikov, A. E. Mayer, V. V. Pogorelko, M. R. Gazizov, “Influence of θ′ Phase Cutting on Precipitate Hardening of Al-Cu Alloy during Prolonged Plastic Deformation: Molecular Dynamics and Continuum Modeling,” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, no. 11, p. 4906, 2021.

[62] M. S. A. Parast, M. Azadi, “Effect of Nano-Clay Particles and Heat Treating on Pure and Fretting Fatigue Properties of Piston Aluminum Alloy under Stress-Controlled Cyclic Bending Loading,” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 5927-5942, 2022.

[63] P. Liu, J. Y. Hu, H. X. Li, S. Y. Sun, Y. B. Zhang, “Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure, Hardness and Corrosion Resistance of 7075 Al Alloys Fabricated by SLM,” Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 60, pp. 578-585, 2020.

[64] K. N. Obiekea, S. Y. Aku, D. S. Yawas, “Effects of Pressure on The Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Die Cast Aluminum A380 alloy,” Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, vol. 2, no. 03, pp. 248, 2014.

[65] S. J. S. Chelladurai, R. Arthanari, “Prediction of Hardness of Stir Cast LM13 Aluminum Alloy - Copper Coated Short Steel Fiber Reinforced Composites using Response Surface Methodology,” Materials Science and Engineering Technology, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 221-229, 2020.

[66] M. Azadi, M. S. A. Parast, “Data Analysis of High-Cycle Fatigue Testing on Piston Aluminum-Silicon Alloys under Various Conditions: Wear, Lubrication, Corrosion, Nano-Particles, Heat-Treating, and Stress,” Data in Brief, vol. 41, pp. 107984, 2022.

[67] S. I. Talabi, S. O. Adeosun, A. F. Alabi, I. N. Aremu, S. Abdulkareem, “Effects of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Al-4% Ti Alloy,” International Journal of Metals, vol. 2013, pp. 127106, 2013.

[68] V. Gadpale, P. N. Banjare, M. K. Manoj, “Effect of Ageing Time and Temperature on Corrosion Behaviour of Aluminum Alloy 2014,” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 338, pp. 012008, 2018.

[69] E. F. A. Zeid, “Influence of Aging Temperature on Precipitation Kinetics, Morphology and Hardening Behavior of Al-7475 Alloy,” Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 44, no. 7, pp. 6621-6629, 2019.

[70] J. Pezda, “Effect of Shortened Heat Treatment on The Hardness and Microstructure of 320.0 Aluminium Alloy,” Archives of Foundry Engineering, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 27-30, 2014.

[71] N. Awad, H. Niu, U. Ali, Y. Morsi, T. Lin, “Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds for Small-Diameter Blood Vessels: A Review,” Membranes, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 15, 2018.

[72] Z. Y. Li, X. L. Liu, G. Q. Wu, W. Sha, “Observation of Fretting Fatigue Cracks of Ti6Al4V Titanium Alloy,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 707, pp. 51-57, 2017.