AI and The Geopolitical Change: A lesson for the Making of Meta-Geopolitics

پژوهش ‎های جغرافیای سیاسی

Article 9, Volume 7, Issue 4 - Serial Number 28, November 2022, Pages 179-204   

Document Type: مقالات علمی -پژوهشی

DOI: 10.22067/pg.2022.78769.1169

Authors

Ehsan Mozdkhah¹; somaye hamidi^{* 2}

¹PhD student in political science (Iranian issues), Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

²Associate Professor and Faculty Member, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran

Abstract

In recent years, Geopolitics has undergone changes and transformations with the expansion of the fourth industrial revolution and the growth of technological trends such as artificial intelligence as a sensitive international issue. Basically, getting defamiliarization with the scientific bases of foreign policy and international relations in classical readings and narratives of the problem of division and the problem of fluidity in this field with an emphasis on trends such as artificial intelligence and big data has led to change the geopolitics to extra-geopolitics. These developments and new arrangements are a platform for changing international competitions. Assuming the geopolitical competition of governments in the form of artificial intelligence and using descriptive-analytical methods, this article seeks to answer this question, how Geopolitics has been transformed by artificial intelligence and big data. The findings of the research show that artificial intelligence has led to the redesign of geopolitics in the age of big data and algorithmic competitions.

Keywords

Geopolitics; Artificial intelligence; Meta-Geopolitics; Foreign Policy; Big Data

References

1. Alexopoulos, C., (2016). Open government data infrastructures: research challenges, artefacts design and evaluation (Doctoral dissertation, University of the Aegean. School of Science. Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering). Karlovasi, Samos
2. Ardakani Esmaeli, A., (2021). Studies on Asia 10; China in Asia and International System Neighborhood policy to Governance in Technology. Iran, Tehran: International Studies & Research Institute Abrar Moaser Tehran. [In Persian]
3. Asdal, K., & Moser, I., (2011). The Technologies of Politics. Distinction of Social Theory. 9(1), 5-10.
4. Beer, D., (2019). The Data Gaze: Capitalism Power and Perception. Los Angles and London: Sage.
5. Caplan, R., & Boyd, D., (2018). Isomorphism Through Algorithms: Institutional Dependencies in the case of Facebook. Big Data & Society, 5(1), 1-12. http:// org/ 10.11.1170/2053951718757253/
6. Chandler, D., (2015). A World without Causation: Big Data and the Coming of Age of Posthumanism. Millennium. Journal of International Studies, 43(3), 833–851.
7. Chandler, D., (2019). Digital Governance in the Anthropocene: The Rise of the Correlational Machine. London: University of Westminster Press
8. Charalabidis, Y., et al. (2018). The World of Open Data Concepts, Methods, Tools and Experiences. Springer.
9. Cherniavska, O., (2015). Theoretical Approaches to the Determination of the Phenomenon of Techno globalism. Journal international Studies, 8 (2), 5-12.
10. Choudary, S., et al (2019). Platform Revolution. New York and London: North & Company.
11. Dall ’Acqua, L., Gironacci, I.M., (2019). Political Decision – Making and Security. IGI Global.
12. Doboš, B., (2020). New Middle Ages Geopolitics of Post-Westphalian World. Springer.
13. Edgerton, D.E.H., (2007). The Contradiction of Techno-Nationalism and Techno-Globalism: A Historical Perspective. New Global Studies, 1(1), 1-31.
14. Flint, C., (2001). The Geopolitical of a World System interpretation of the Post – Modern Geopolitical Condition. Geopolitics, 6(3). 1-16.
15. Fu Lee, K., (2021). AI superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the new world order. (Seyed Hosseini, M.J., & Mohammadi, M., Trans.). Iran,Tehran: Parseh Book. (In Persian)
16. C., (2019). Digital Objects, Digital Subjects: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Capitalism, Labour and Politics in the Age of Big Data (pp. 23–42). London: University of Westminster Press.
17. Fung, K.C., & Aminian, N., et al. (2018). Digital Silk Road, Silicon Vally and Connectivity. Journal of Chinses Economic and Business Studies. 16(3), pp. 313-336.
18. Gamito Cantero, M., (2021). Algorithmic Governance and Governance of Algorithms. Springer.
19. Gasser, U., & Almeida, V.A., (2017). A Layered Model for AI Governance. IEEE Internet Computing, 20(6), 62- 85.
20. Ghasemi, F., (2018). Complexity – Chaos Theory and War in International Relations. Iran, Tehran: University of Tehran Press. [In Persian]
21. Ghasemi, F., (2018). Introduction to International Relation. Iran, Tehran: Publication of Mizan. [In Persian]
22. Gupta, R., & Kumar, P., (2021). Introduction to Algorithmic Government. Palgrave Macmillan.
23. Harris, B., (2017). Could an AI ever replace a judge in court? Available from https://www.worldgovernmentsummit.org/observer/articles/2017/detail/could-an-ai-ever-replace- a-judge-in-court
24. Hass, R. (2020). S. – China Relation: The Search for a New Equilibrium. Washington, DC: Brooking institution.
25. Henning, K., (2021). Game-Changer AI: How Artificial Intelligence is transforming our World. Springer.
26. Kalpokas, I., (2019). Algorithmic Governance; Politics and Law in the Post-Human Era. Palgrave Macmillan.
27. Kellner, D., (2021). Technology and Democracy: Toward a Critical Theory of Digital Technologies,Techno - politics and Techno - capitalism. Springer.
28. Kissinger, H., et al. (2021). The age of AI: and our human future. (Safarzaei, S., Trans.). Iran,Tehran: Parseh book. [In Persian]
29. Kurban, H.C., (2016). What is techno politics? A conceptual scheme for understanding politics in the digital age. Conference: Building a European digital space, 499-519. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Internet, Law & Politics
30. Malek Mohammadi, H., (2014). Techno-Geopolitics; a pro classical geopolitics challenging critical approach. Geopolitics Quarterly, 10(4), 109-121. [ In Persian]
31. Marvin, R., (2020). Blockchain: The Invisible Technology That’s Changing the World. http://au.pcmag.com/feature/46389/blockchain-the-invisible-technology-thats-changing-the-world/
32. Mirahmdriadi, F., & Zaki, Y., (2016). The Scope of Postmodern. Geopolitics Studies, 1(3), 95-128. [In Persian]
33. Monti, L., et al. (2015). E-Government and Open Data Boosting Economic Growth: A new index. Journal of Business and Economics, 6 (12), 2080-2088.
34. Murray, J., & Flyverbom, M., (2018). Data Structuring: organizing and curating Digital Traces into Action. Big Data & Society, 5(2), 1-12. http:// org. / 101177/ 20539517 18799114/.
35. Nakayama, S., (2012). Techno – Nationalism vs. Techno – Globalism. East Asia Science, Technology and Society, 6(1), 9-15.
36. Nung Wong, P., (2022). Techno-Geopolitics U.S.-China Tech War and the Practice of Digital Statecraft. London: Routledge.
37. Pedro Rodríguez Bolívar, M., et al. (2019). Governance Models for Creating Public Value in Open Data Initiatives. Springer.
38. Pitroda, S., & Miailhe, N., (2017). Introduction. The Rise of AI & Robotics in the City. https://journals.openedition.org/factsreports/4377
39. Rodhen, N., (2012). Meta – Geopolitical of Quter Space: An Analysis of Space power, Security and Governance. Palgrave Macmillan.
40. Rodhen, N., (2018). The Seven Capacities of State a Meta–Geopolitical Framework, https://www.georgetownjournalofinternationalaffairs.org/online-edition/2018/3/7/the-seven-capacities-of-states-a-meta-geopolitical-framework
41. Schrape, J.F., (2019). The Promise of Technological decentralization: A brief reconstruction. Society, 56(1), 31- 37.
42. Schwab, K., (2017). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. London: Portfolio
43. Schwab, K., (2021). Shaping the future of the fourth industrial revolution: a guide to building a better world. (Zvashkeyani, A., & Rabi'i, M., Trans.). Iran, Tehran: Aryana Ghalam. [In Persian]
44. Segal, A., (2016). The hacked world order how nations fight, trade, maneuver, and manipulate in the digital age. United States: Public Affairs.
45. ShirAli, E., (2020). Sociology of technology. Iran, Tehran: Andishe Ehsan [In Persian]
46. Susskind, J., (2018). Future Politics: Living to gather in a World Transformed by tech. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
47. Thornton, P., & Danaher, J., (2018). On the wisdom of algorithmic markets: governance by algorithmic price. Available at SSRN3314078.
48. Van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & de Waal, M., (2018). The Platform Society: Public Values in a Connective World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Verhulst, S.G., & Young, A., (2017). Open Data in Developing Economics toward Building an Evidence Base on What Work and how. African Minds. ID-OAA-A-12-0073. United States Agency for International Development Cooperative Agreement. http:// odimpact.org/ files/ odimpactdeveloping-economies.pdf. DOI: 10.47622/9781928331599
50. Weber, J., (2020). Handbook on Geopolitics and Security in the Arctic. Springer.
51. white, O., Madgavkar, , Townsend, Z., Manyika, J., Olanrewaju, T., Sibanda, T., & Kaufman, S., (2021). Financial data unbound: The value of open data for individuals and institutions. Mckinsey Global Institute, https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/ our-insights/ financial- data- unbound- the- value- of-open -data- for-individuals-and-institutions.
52. Wiener, N., (2019). Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the animal and machine. MIT Press.
53. Wright, N.D., (2019). Artificial Intelligence, China, Russia, and the Global Order. Maxwell Air Force Base, AL: Air University Press,
54. Yeung, K., (2018). Algorithmic regulation: A Critical Interrogation. Regulation & Government, 12 (4). 505 – 523.