The Community-based Tourism Model of Mountain Villages with the Grounded Theory Approach (Case Study: Kojur District, Nowshahr County)

Journal of Research and Rural Planning

دوره 12، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 40، خرداد 2023، صفحه 61-76   

نوع مقاله: Original Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jrrp.v12i1.2212-1068

نویسندگان

Morteza Khazaei Pul^* ؛ Mehdi Ramezanzadeh Lasboyee

University of Mazandaran, Iran.

چکیده

Purpose- The purpose of the current research is to present a community-based tourism model in the mountain villages of Nowshahr County in Mazandaran province.
Methodology- This research was conducted in two stages. In the qualitative part, a semi-structured and in-depth interview was conducted with 20 tourism activists, handicrafts and university experts with a theoretical and targeted method, and the analysis of the interviews was conducted with a Grounded Theory method. The classical grounded theory was done with the help of MAXQDA software. In the quantitative part Lawshe index have been used and in order to test the paradigm model, the final questionnaire was distributed among 384 people of Kojur mountain villages in a cluster and available method. In the last stage, by using Smart PLS software the structural model was examined. 
Findings- The community-based tourism model of mountain villages obtained in this research includes six components. Causal factors include two "Mental" and "Behavioral" components, contextual factors include three "Group", "Family" and "Individual" components, intervening factors include four "Infrastructural" and "Political-Law" components, "Economic" and "Socio-Cultural", strategies including four "Developmental", "Marketing and Product", "Financial" and "Educational" components and finally the consequences including three "Social-Cultural", "Environmental" and "Economic" components. Also, the main phenomenon in this model was "passion for action".
Practical implications- Considering the problems of tourism in the mountainous villages of Kojur region, it is possible to develop community-based tourism by reducing the obstacles identified and strengthening the contexts by adopting development strategies, marketing and product, finance and education and created positive consequences.
Original/value- By knowing and gaining insight into the formation process of community-based tourism in Kojur mountain villages and its effective factors and consequences, it is possible to develop better and more effective this type of tourism in the region.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Community-based tourism؛ Grounded theory؛ Mountain village؛ Nowshahr County

مراجع

1. Abukhalifeh, A. N., & Wondirad, A. (2019). Contributions of community-based tourism to the socio-economic well-being of local communities: The case of Pulau Redang Island, Malaysia. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 19(2), 80-97. http://DOI:10.1080/15980634.2019.1621521
2. Aliqolizadeh Firouzjaei, N., Badri, S. A., & Faraji Sobkbar, H. A. (2006). The attitude of the host community to the environmental and economic effects of tourism in rural areas: a case study of the central part of Nowshahr. Village and Development, 10 (1), 1-24. [In Persian] http://rvt.agri-peri.ac.ir/article_59313.html?lang=en
3. Badri, S. A., Motiei Langroudi, S. H., Salmani, M., & Aliqolizadeh Firouzjaei, N. (2008). The economic effects of tourism on rural areas, a case study: rural areas of the central part of Nowshahr. Geography and Regional Development, 12, 15-36. [In Persian] https://www.sid.ir/paper/99081/en
4. Bayat, S., & Khazaei, M. (2015). Administrative values of Egyptian desert village tourists as community-based tourism. Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 18(5), 65-81. [In Persian]http://DOI:10.18869/acadpub.serd.5.18.65
5. Behzadfar, M., Akbarpour Ganje, A., & Golmakani, M. (2017). Investigating the impact of community-based tourism on the development of rural businesses. Paper presented at the National Conference of New Patterns in Management and Business (with the approach of supporting national entrepreneurs), Tehran, Negara Institute of Higher Education. [In Persian] https://www.sid.ir/paper/898968/fa
6. Bittar Rodrigues, C., & Prideaux, B. (2018). A management model to assist local communities developing community-based tourism ventures: a case study from the Brazilian Amazon. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(1), 1-19. http://DOI:1080/14724049.2017.1309045
7. Corbin, J. M., & Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology, 13(1), 3-21.‏ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/bf00988593
8. Charipouri, V. (2017). An analysis of the role of local driving forces in the development of social-oriented tourism studied: Ben Lar village, Poldakhtar city. Kharazmi University. [In Persian] https://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/#/articles/6c40af751c7ba6d91756ea395bb13c31
9. Dangi, T. B., & Jamal, T. (2016). An integrated approach to “sustainable community-based tourism”. Sustainability, 8(5), 475.‏ https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/5/475
10. Dadvarkhani, F., & Ghanian, M. (2017). Explanation of community-based peri-urban tourism development strategies, a case study of Kan-Soloqan region. Urban Tourism, 5(3), 121-135. [In Persian] DOI: 10.22059/jut.2019.225404.279
11. Davari, A., & Rezazadeh, A. (2012). Structural equation modeling with pls software. Tehran: Jahad Daneshgahi. [In Persian] https://www.16book.ir/Default/BookDetail/11601
12. Emami, S. F. (2021). Presenting the local model of community-based rural tourism development (case study of Gilan province). University of Tehran. [In Persian]https://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/#/articles/a26df454470cab9d93620f2c1501c4a2
13. Godde, P., Sharma, P., Gurung, C., & Endicotty, M. (1998). Community-based mountain tourism: Practices for linking conservation with enterprise. In Synthesis of an Electronic Conference. https://lib.icimod.org/record/10391
14. Hessam, M., Baghiani, H. (2017). Measuring the attitudes of villagers towards the realization of community-based rural tourism (case study: Gorab Pas village, Foman city, Gilan province). Rural research, 9(1), 75-86. [In Persian] https://jrur.ut.ac.ir/article_66214.html
15. Hossain, M. A., & Uchinlayen. (2018). Rural Community-based tourism development in Bangladesh: The conceptual issues. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(2.29), 374-378.http://10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13657
16. Ishihara, Y. (2020). Overview of community-based tourism: From history to evaluation framework. In The Routledge Handbook of Community-Based Tourism Management (pp. 26-38). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/c/overview-community-based-tourism-yusuke-ishihara
17. Jahanbin, N. (2021). Causal analysis of factors affecting sustainable community-based tourism (intuitive fuzzy multi-criteria decision making). Yazd University. [In Persian]https://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/#/articles/19179a54374761499da1c8764a1f2906
18. Karmian, A. (2019). Analysis of the sustainable development of community-based tourism with an emphasis on the opinions of local people, a case study of Chamchamal region, Kharazmi University. [In Persian] https://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/#/articles/4382c3b86214c40fa1ed10af1c0c0589
19. Kayat, K. (2014). Community-based rural tourism: A proposed sustainability framework. In SHS Web of Conferences (Vol. 12, p. 01010). EDP Sciences. http://DOI:10.1051/shsconf/20141201010
20. Khartishvili, L., Mitrofanenko, T., Muhar, A., & Penker, M. (2020). Issues with Applying the Concept of Community-Based Tourism in the Caucasus. Mountain Research and Development, 40(1), R11-20. DOI: 1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-19-00071.1
21. Kwangseh, B. E. (2014). Community Based Tourism (CBT) Planning–An Analysis of Opportunities and Barriers: A Case Study of Cameroon. Unpublished Master Thesis, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimağusa, North Cyprus. http://hdl.handle.net/11129/1408
22. Lee, T. H., & Jan, F. H. (2019). Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management, 70, 368-380. DOI: 1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003
23. Lo, Y. C., & Janta, P. (2020). Resident’s perspective on developing community-based tourism–a qualitative study of Muen Ngoen Kong Community, Chiang Mai, Thailand. Frontiers in Psychology, 1-14. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01493/full
24. Mokhtari, M. (2012). The challenges of implementing community-based tourism in Iran, Allameh Tabatabai University. [In Persian] https://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/#/articles/cfc043c8cfa7e62f5084e867fcf81dcd
25. Najarzadeh, M., Torabi, Z. (2016). Planning the development of community-oriented agricultural tourism using the SOAR participatory framework. Tourism and Development Quarterly, 6(3), 139-153. [In Persian] http://www.itsairanj.ir/article_55233.html
26. Nugroho, P., & Numata, S. (2020). Influence of Sociodemographic Characteristics on the Support of an Emerging Community-based Tourism Destination in Gunung Ciremai National Park, Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 1-26. http://DOI:1080/10549811.2020.1841007
27. Pham Hong, L., Ngo, H. T., & Pham, L. T. (2021). Community-based tourism: Opportunities and challenges a case study in Thanh Ha pottery village, Hoi An city, Vietnam. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1), 1926100. http://DOI:10.1080/23311886.2021.1926100
28. Priatmoko, S., Kabil, M., Purwoko, Y., & Dávid, L. D. (2021). Rethinking sustainable community-based tourism: a villager’s point of view and case study in Pampang Village, Indonesia. Sustainability, 13(6), 1-15. http://DOI:10.3390/su13063245
29. Ranjbar, L. (2021). The impact of agricultural experience-oriented tourism on the sustainable development of the village (a case study of Qamsar Kashan), Tehran University of Science and Culture. [In Persian] https://ganj.irandoc.ac.ir/#/articles/e2e1e9a1663cc548c6f7102e88382c72
30. Sharpley, R & Telfer, D. (2014). Tourism development planning in developing countries, translated by Hamid Zargham Borojeni, Zahra Nekoui, Nilofar Abbaspour and Muslim Shojaei. Tehran: Mahkame. https://www.gisoom.com/book/11442344
31. Tasci, A. D. S., Semrad, K. J., & Yilmaz, S. S. (2013). Community based tourism finding the equilibrium in. COMCEC Coordination Office. https://www.resea/publicatin/BASED_TOURISM-_Finding
32. Tenenhaus, M., Amato, S., & Esposito Vinzi, V. (2004, June). A global goodness-of-fit index for PLS structural equation modelling. In Proceedings of the XLII SIS scientific meeting, 1(2), 739-742. https://faculty.essec.edu/en/researchfit-index-for-pls-structural-equation-modelling/
33. Witchayakawin, P., Aziz, Y. A., Mahomed, A. S. B. B., & Abdullah, N. H. B. (2020). Factors on development of community based tourism (CBT) in Phitsanulok province of Thailand. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(12), 75-85. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/88991/
34. Yunikawati, N. A., Istiqomah, N. M., Priambodo, M. P., Puspasari, E. Y., Sidi, F., & Marzanah, A. J. (2021). Community Based Rural Tourism (CBRT): The Impact on Local Residents Quality of Life in Indonesia. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 228, p. 02012). EDP Sciences. http://DOI:10.1051/e3sconf/202122802012
35. Zargham Borojeni, H., & Bazarafshan, Sh. (2015). The success rate of rural community-based tourism development from the point of view of the local community (case study: Asiyab Sar village, Behshahr city). Journal of Research and Rural Planning, 5(4), 119-136. [In Persian] http://ensani.ir/file/download/article/20170603090130-9915-177.pdf
36. Ziaei, M., & Torab Ahmadi, M. (2012). Understanding the tourism industry with a systemic approach. Tehran: social sciences publishing. [In Persian] https://www.gisoom.com/book/1956022