Analysis of the Relationship between Contextual Variables and Intergenerational Social Mobility of Afghan Immigrants in Kashan City

جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری

Volume 11, Issue 3, December 2024, Pages 65-82   

Document Type: Scientific-Research

DOI: 10.22067/jgusd.2023.78290.1240

Authors

Yones Gholami^{* 1}; Farshad Falahati²; Razie Karimi³

¹Department of Geography & Urban planning, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

²Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran

³Master of Geography and Urban Planning, Department of Geography and Tourism, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, Kashan University, Iran)

Abstract

Extended Abstract
1. Introduction
International migration and social mobility refer to at least two social spaces: the original society and also the target social space. Each of the spaces are governed their own social hierarchies, and the position of immigrants and their families may be different in each of the spaces. Accordingly, migration may cause an person to have a lower position on the social scale of the receiving country, but the very conditions may enhance their position in the original country. Migration, as a specific form of geographical mobility that involces spatial movement, is defined as the relocation of individuals between two distinct geographical spaces; a movement that can be either permanent or semi-permanent. The phenomenon of Afghan migration to neighboring countries, specially Iran, is a significant example of international migration that have been increasing over recent decades. A key consequence of migration is its impact on the economic and social structures. The issue brings about the key question of its influence on the socio-economic, and cultural structure of both original and targent societies, or the question of the state of afghan immigrants in terms of social mobility. Social mobility usually is assessed through comparing the class position of fathers and their sons. Studies conducted on social mobility are known as a real tool to see if children achieve a higher standard of living than their parents. This issue can be gauged through exploring the dependence on income, education level, or occupation on the characteristics of the respondent's parents and other background variables. Considering the issues, this study tried to explore the relationship between background variables and intergenerational social mobility of Afghan immigrants who are in Kashan, Iran. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the status of intergenerational social mobility of Afghan immigrants in Kashan. Considering the high number of Afghan people in this city, the main aim was to see eactly what factor or index is effective in social mobility and to what extent the indexs of social mobility are desirable.
2. Method
This study applied descritve-analytical method. The data were collected through field studies and questionnaire. The quesinnaires were distributed randomly among immigrants living in Kashan, Iran. SAMPLE POWER was used and the size of the sample was determined by the softwere to be 150 participants with 95% of insurance and 5% of error. T-test was run in SPSS to analyze the descriptive and iferentioal data and Structural Equation Model was used in AMOS for explicating and modeling the effects.
3. Results
The results showed that the desirability of the fatalism index has a T value of -6.411. The value is significant at a level of less than 0.05. Except for the two variables of effort (10.44) and destiny in future planning (5.44), the values of the rest were not higher than the average. The social trust index has a T value of 7.224. The value is also significant at a level of less than 0.05. Taking into account the upper and lower bounds, both values are positive, so this test is confirmed, showing that it is higher than the average. The cultural capital index has a T value of -12.230. Again, the value is significant at a level of less than 0.05. Considering the upper and lower bounds, it is negative, showing that the cultural capital index is lower than the average. This means that cultural capital is low among Afghan immigrants. The results pertaining to the second-order measurment model showed that from among the background variables, the education has the highest factor loading (hoding a weight of 0.60), followed by the marital status (0.59), and the factors of age (0.58), gender (0.08) and occupation (0.01). Moroever, regarding the intergenerational mobility indices, the institutionalized (acquired) cultural capital factor has the highest factor loading (hoding a weight of 0.98), embodied (mental) and objectified (objective) cultural capital jointly as the second factor (with a factor loading of 0.84), followed by social trust (0.30), and fatalism (0.24).
4. Dscussion and Conclusion
This study investigated the desirability of cultural capital, fatalism and social trust. The resuts showed that only the value of social trust is positive and higher than the average (highier than 3), meaning that the social trust of Afghan immigrants is higher than the average. Regarding fatalism index, except for the two variables of “effort” and “destiny in future planning”, the rest are not higher than the average. This means that they do not believe in the impact of fatalism in the effort for social mobility. The value of cultural capital index was lower than the average. This means that cultural capital among Afghan immigrants is low. Moreover, the findings of structural equation modeling showed that among the background variables, “education” has the highest factor loading (with a weight of 0.60), followed by marital status, age, gender and occupation with factor loadings of 0.59, 0.58, 0.08 and 0.01, respectively. Regarding the intergenerational mobility indices, the institutionalized (acquired) cultural capital factor has the highest factor loading (hoding a weight of 0.98), followed by and embodied (mental) and objectified (objective) cultural capital jointly as the second factor (with a factor loading of 0.84). Social trust and fatalism recorded factor loadings of 0.30 and 0.24, respectively. Moreover, this study proved the existence of a significant relationship between background variables and social mobility indices. The coefficient was 0.84. Overally, the results showed that among the background variables, education factor has the highest factor loading (0.60). This means that if the education level of Afghan immigrants increases by one unit, it will improve the social mobility of immigrants by about 0.60. Regarding social mobility indices, the immigrants do not possess high levels of cultural capital. The immigrants need to have different forms of economic, social and cultural capital for mobility in society.
 

Keywords

Keywords: Afghan Immigarnts; Inter-generation Social Mobility; Cultural Capital; Kashan City

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