اثر زمان و چرخه‌های تر و خشک شدن بر ماندگاری خاکپوش در خاک برای کنترل فرسایش بادی

آب و خاک

مقاله 8، دوره 37، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 88، خرداد و تیر 1402، صفحه 295-314   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.2023.74277.1127

نویسندگان

فاطمه نورعلی وند¹؛ احمد فرخیان فیروزی^{* 2}

¹گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

²دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

چکیده

خاکپوش با ایجاد پوششی بر سطح خاک می­تواند مقاومت سطحی خاک را در برابر جریان فرساینده­ی باد افزایش دهد. هدف این مطالعه بررسی کارایی خاکپوش­های­ معدنی (نانورس مونت­موریلونایت)، شیمیایی (پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات) و زیستی (زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز) در زمان­های مختلف برای اصلاح برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و مکانیکی خاک و کنترل فرسایش بادی بود. همچنین دوام و پایداری این خاکپوش­ها در زمان­های مختلف با چهار چرخه­ تر و خشک شدن بررسی شد. آزمایش فاکتوریل به صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتورها شامل (1) نوع خاکپوش شامل چهار سطح: نانورس مونت­موریلونایت، پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات، زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز کاه گندم، (2) غلظت خاکپوش شامل نانورس مونت­موریلونایت: 0، 16 و 32 ، پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات: 0، 8 و 16 و زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز: 0، 65 و 200 گرم بر متر مربع و (3) زمان شامل 21، 42، 63 و 126روز بودند. خاک مورد مطالعه از کانون گرد و غبار جنوب شرق اهواز نمونه­برداری شد. سینی­های تونل باد با ابعاد 5×30×50 (سانتی­متر) با خاک­ پر شدند. خاکپوش نانورس و پلیمر پلی­وینیل استات روی سینی­ها به صورت یکنواخت اسپری شد. خاکپوش زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز کاه گندم ابتدا با خاک مخلوط شد سپس با اسپری نمودن آب روی سطح خاک رطوبت در حد 75 درصد ظرفیت زراعی ثابت نگهداشته شد. پس از گذشت مدت زمان مورد نظر ویژگی­های خاک اندازه­گیری شد و سینی­ها در تونل با سرعت باد 20 متر بر ثانیه (در ارتفاع 15 سانتی­متری سطح نمونه) به مدت 5 دقیقه قرار داده شدند. مقدار فرسایش خاک به روش وزنی تعیین شد. سپس در هر زمان بهترین تیمار از هر خاکپوش (از نظر کاهش فرسایش بادی)، انتخاب شده و تحت چرخه تر و خشک شدن (چهار چرخه) قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد در خاک­های اصلاح شده با زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز با گذشت زمان مقدار فرسایش خاک کاهش یافت اما در خاکپوش نانورس مونت­موریلونایت و پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات با گذشت زمان مقدار آن افزایش یافت. مقدار فرسایش در خاک تیمار شده با هیدروژل سلولز 3/99 درصد کاهش یافت. بیشترین مقدار مقاومت فروروی و برشی خاک در خاکپوش هیدروژل سلولز در زمان چهارم مشاهده شد که به ترتیب برابر با 1038 و 123 کیلوپاسکال بدست آمد. با گذشت زمان پایداری خاکدانه­ها در حضور هیدروژل سلولز و زغال زیستی افزایش و در پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات و نانورس مونت­موریلونایت کاهش یافت. بین پایداری و بعد فرکتال خاکدانه­ها رابطه منفی مشاهده شد. مقدار فرسایش خاک در زمان چهارم در خاک­های اصلاح شده با هیدروژل سلولز، زغال زیستی، پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات و نانو رس مونت­موریلونایت به ترتیب 99، 71، 84 و 85 درصد و بعد از چهار چرخه تر و خشک شدن، به ترتیب 98، 64، 76 و 81 درصد نسبت به خاک شاهد کاهش یافت. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش هیدروژل سلولز به عنوان یک پلیمر زیستی و سازگار با محیط زیست، خاکپوشی مناسب برای کنترل فرسایش بادی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

پلیمر پلی‌وینیل‌استات؛ فرسایش بادی؛ زغال زیستی؛ نانورس مونت‌موریلونایت؛ هیدروژل سلولز

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