اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات51
تعداد شماره‌ها1,979
تعداد مقالات20,711
تعداد مشاهده مقاله34,315,851
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله17,427,550
نورعلی وند, فاطمه, فرخیان فیروزی, احمد. (1402). اثر زمان و چرخه‌های تر و خشک شدن بر ماندگاری خاکپوش در خاک برای کنترل فرسایش بادی. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 37(2), 295-314. doi: 10.22067/jsw.2023.74277.1127
فاطمه نورعلی وند; احمد فرخیان فیروزی. "اثر زمان و چرخه‌های تر و خشک شدن بر ماندگاری خاکپوش در خاک برای کنترل فرسایش بادی". سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 37, 2, 1402, 295-314. doi: 10.22067/jsw.2023.74277.1127
نورعلی وند, فاطمه, فرخیان فیروزی, احمد. (1402). 'اثر زمان و چرخه‌های تر و خشک شدن بر ماندگاری خاکپوش در خاک برای کنترل فرسایش بادی', سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 37(2), pp. 295-314. doi: 10.22067/jsw.2023.74277.1127
نورعلی وند, فاطمه, فرخیان فیروزی, احمد. اثر زمان و چرخه‌های تر و خشک شدن بر ماندگاری خاکپوش در خاک برای کنترل فرسایش بادی. سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی, 1402; 37(2): 295-314. doi: 10.22067/jsw.2023.74277.1127

اثر زمان و چرخه‌های تر و خشک شدن بر ماندگاری خاکپوش در خاک برای کنترل فرسایش بادی

آب و خاک
مقاله 8، دوره 37، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 88، خرداد و تیر 1402، صفحه 295-314    اصل مقاله (1.21 M)
نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.2023.74277.1127
نویسندگان
فاطمه نورعلی وند1؛ احمد فرخیان فیروزی* 2
1گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
2دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران
چکیده
خاکپوش با ایجاد پوششی بر سطح خاک می­تواند مقاومت سطحی خاک را در برابر جریان فرساینده­ی باد افزایش دهد. هدف این مطالعه بررسی کارایی خاکپوش­های­ معدنی (نانورس مونت­موریلونایت)، شیمیایی (پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات) و زیستی (زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز) در زمان­های مختلف برای اصلاح برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و مکانیکی خاک و کنترل فرسایش بادی بود. همچنین دوام و پایداری این خاکپوش­ها در زمان­های مختلف با چهار چرخه­ تر و خشک شدن بررسی شد. آزمایش فاکتوریل به صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتورها شامل (1) نوع خاکپوش شامل چهار سطح: نانورس مونت­موریلونایت، پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات، زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز کاه گندم، (2) غلظت خاکپوش شامل نانورس مونت­موریلونایت: 0، 16 و 32 ، پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات: 0، 8 و 16 و زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز: 0، 65 و 200 گرم بر متر مربع و (3) زمان شامل 21، 42، 63 و 126روز بودند. خاک مورد مطالعه از کانون گرد و غبار جنوب شرق اهواز نمونه­برداری شد. سینی­های تونل باد با ابعاد 5×30×50 (سانتی­متر) با خاک­ پر شدند. خاکپوش نانورس و پلیمر پلی­وینیل استات روی سینی­ها به صورت یکنواخت اسپری شد. خاکپوش زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز کاه گندم ابتدا با خاک مخلوط شد سپس با اسپری نمودن آب روی سطح خاک رطوبت در حد 75 درصد ظرفیت زراعی ثابت نگهداشته شد. پس از گذشت مدت زمان مورد نظر ویژگی­های خاک اندازه­گیری شد و سینی­ها در تونل با سرعت باد 20 متر بر ثانیه (در ارتفاع 15 سانتی­متری سطح نمونه) به مدت 5 دقیقه قرار داده شدند. مقدار فرسایش خاک به روش وزنی تعیین شد. سپس در هر زمان بهترین تیمار از هر خاکپوش (از نظر کاهش فرسایش بادی)، انتخاب شده و تحت چرخه تر و خشک شدن (چهار چرخه) قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد در خاک­های اصلاح شده با زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز با گذشت زمان مقدار فرسایش خاک کاهش یافت اما در خاکپوش نانورس مونت­موریلونایت و پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات با گذشت زمان مقدار آن افزایش یافت. مقدار فرسایش در خاک تیمار شده با هیدروژل سلولز 3/99 درصد کاهش یافت. بیشترین مقدار مقاومت فروروی و برشی خاک در خاکپوش هیدروژل سلولز در زمان چهارم مشاهده شد که به ترتیب برابر با 1038 و 123 کیلوپاسکال بدست آمد. با گذشت زمان پایداری خاکدانه­ها در حضور هیدروژل سلولز و زغال زیستی افزایش و در پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات و نانورس مونت­موریلونایت کاهش یافت. بین پایداری و بعد فرکتال خاکدانه­ها رابطه منفی مشاهده شد. مقدار فرسایش خاک در زمان چهارم در خاک­های اصلاح شده با هیدروژل سلولز، زغال زیستی، پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات و نانو رس مونت­موریلونایت به ترتیب 99، 71، 84 و 85 درصد و بعد از چهار چرخه تر و خشک شدن، به ترتیب 98، 64، 76 و 81 درصد نسبت به خاک شاهد کاهش یافت. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش هیدروژل سلولز به عنوان یک پلیمر زیستی و سازگار با محیط زیست، خاکپوشی مناسب برای کنترل فرسایش بادی است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
پلیمر پلی‌وینیل‌استات؛ فرسایش بادی؛ زغال زیستی؛ نانورس مونت‌موریلونایت؛ هیدروژل سلولز
مراجع
  1. Abbawi, Z.W.S. (2015). Studying strength and stiffness characteristics of sand stabilized with cement and limeEngineering and Technology Journal, 33(8), 1857–1875.
  2. Ahmadi, A., Neyshabouri, M.R., Rouhipour H., & Asadi, H. (2011). Fractal dimension of soil a ggregates as an index of soil erodibility. Journal of Hydrology, 400, 305-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.01.045
  3. Ahmed, A., Gariepy, Y., & Raghavan, V. (2017). Influence of wood-derived biochar on the compactibility and strength of silt loam soil. International Agrophysics, 31, 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1515/intag-2016-0044
  4. AL Rasslany, I.A., & AL, Z. (2014). Effects of poly vinyl alcohol/starch as Soil conditioners on the physical properties of loamy sand and loam soils following different wetting and drying cycles. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 4(24), 36-41.
  5. Alipour, A., Tavili, A., Sangoony, H., & Alipouri, E. (2018). Operational, environmental and economic feasibility of using steel slag as mulch for controlling wind erosion. Desert Ecosystem Engineering Journal, 7(18), 15-26. (In Persian with English abstract)
  6. Amiri Khaboushan, E., Emami, H., Mosaddeghi, M.R., & Astaraei, A.R. (2018). Estimation of unsaturated shear strength parameters using easily-available soil properties. Soil and Tillage Research, 184, 118-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2018.07.006
  7. Arzaghi, F., Farrokhian Firouzi, A., Enayatizamir, N., & Khalilimoghaddam, B. (2017). Effect of Polyacrylamide Polymer on Wind Erosion Control of Sandy Soil in Azadegan Plain. Journal of Water and Soil, 31(4), 1070-1082. (In Persian with English abstract)
  8. Arzaghi, F., Farrokhian, Firouzi. A., Enayatizamir, N., & Khalilimoghadam, B. (2015). Consideration the effect of Thrichoderma harzianum on windy erosion control of Azadegan plain sandy soil at laboratory and wind tunnel. Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 5(2), 239-251. (In Persian with English abstract)
  9. Ataee, A., Gorji, M., & Parvizi, Y. (2014). Investigating the capability of fractal dimension of aggregates in evaluating different soil managements. Iranian Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences), 28(4), 701-712. (In Persian)
  10. Ayeldeen, M., Negm, A., El Sawwaf, M. & Gädda, T. (2016). Laboratory study of using biopolymer to reduce wind erosion. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 12(3), 228-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2016.1264692
  11. Bahari, M. & Shahnazari, A. (2015). Experimental study of the fine-grained earthen bed stabilization using nanoclay. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences, 19(72), 107-114. (In Persian)
  12. Barthes, B., & Roose, E. (2002). Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion: Validation at several levels. Catena, 47, 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00180-1
  13. Bravo-Garza, M.R., Bryan, B., & P. Voroney. (2009). Influence of wetting and drying cycles and maize residue addition on the formation of water stable aggregates in Vertisols. Geoderma, 151, 150-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.03.022
  14. Burrell, L., Zehetner, F., Rampazzo, N., Wimmer, B., & Soja, G. (2016). Long-term effects of biochar on soil physical properties. Geoderma, 282, 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.07.019
  15. Cantón, Y., Solé-Benet, A., Asensio, C., Chamizo S., & Puigdefábregas, J. (2009). Aggregate stability in range sandy loam soils relationships with runoff and erosion. Catena 77: 192-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.12.011
  16. Cao, Y., Wang, B., Guo, H., Xiao, H. & Wei, T. (2017). The effect of super absorbent polymers on soil and water conservation on the terraces of the loess plateau. Ecological Engineering, 102, 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.02.043
  17. Chang, I., Im, J., & Cho, G. C. (2016). Introduction of microbial biopolymers in soil treatment for future environmentally-friendly and sustainable geotechnical engineering. Sustainability, 8(3), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030251
  18. Chu, G., Zhao, J., Huang, Y., Zhou, D., Liu, Y., Wu, M., Peng, H., Zhao, Q., Pan, B., E.W., & Steinberg, C. (2018). Phosphoric acid pretreatment enhances the specific surface areas of biochars by generation of micropores. Environmental Pollution, 240, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.003
  19. Cosentino, D., Chenu, C., & Le Bissonnais, Y. (2006). Aggregate stability and microbial community dynamics under drying–wetting cycles in a silt loam soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38, 2053-2062. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.12.022
  20. Das, K.C., Steiner, C., Ahmedna, M., Rehrah, D., & Schomberg, H. (2012). Biochars impact on soil-moisture storage in an ultisol and two aridisols. Soil Science, 177(5), 310–320. http://doi.org/10.1097/SS.0b013e31824e5593
  21. Denison, M.R., & Hookham, P.A. (1996). Modeling of dust entrainment by high-  speed airflow. The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, 34, 1392-1402. https://doi.org/10.2514/3.13245
  22. Ding, Q., & Ding, W. (2007). Comparing stress wavelets with fragment fractals for soil structure quantification. Soil and Tillage Research, 93, 316–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.05.006
  23. Ekhtesasi, M.R., & Hazirei, F. (2016). Investigation of cement mulch on stabilization of windblown.Journal of Range and Watershed Management, 68(4), 739-750. (In Persian with English abstract)
  24. Falsone, G., Bonifacio, E., & Zanini, E. (2012). Structure development in aggregates of poorly developed soils through the analysis of the pore system. Catena, 95, 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2012.02.014
  25. Fletcher, A.J., Smith, M.A., Heinemeyer, A., Lord, R., Ennis, C.J., Hodgson, E.M., & Farrar, K. (2014). Production factors controlling the physical characteristics of biochar derived from phytoremediation willow for agricultural applications. Bioenergy Ressearch, 7, 371–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-013-9380-x
  26. Gong, W., Zang, , Liu, B., Chen, H., Wu, F., Huang, R., & Wang, Sh. (2016). Effect of using polymeric materials in ecological sand-fixing of Kerqin Sandy Land of China. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 133(43), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.44102
  27. Grossman, J., Neves, E.G., & Luizão, F.J. (2010). Black carbon affects the cycling of nonblack carbon in soil. Organic Geochemistry, 41(2), 206–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.007
  28. Hong, C., Chenchen, L., Xueyong, Z., Huiru, L., Liqiang, K., Bo, L., & Jifeng, L. (2020). Wind erosion rate for vegetated soil cover: A prediction model based on surface shear strength. Catena, 187, 104398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104398
  29. Huang, G., & Zhang, R. (2005). Evaluation of soil water retention curve with the pore-solid fractal model. Geoderma, 127(1-2), 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.11.016
  30. Hueso-González, P., Martínez-Murillo, J.F., & Ruiz-Sinoga, J.D. (2016). Effects of topsoil treatments on a orestation in a dry Mediterranean climate (southern Spain). Solid Earth, 7, 1479–1489.
  31. Jamshidsafa, M., Khalili Moghadam, B., Jafari, S., & Ghorbani, SH. (2015). Feasibility investigation of FilterCake using in mulch production for sand dune stabilization in Ahvaz. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 38(1), 29-42. (In Persian with English abstract)
  32. Jien, Sh.H., & Wang, C.Sh. (2013). Effects of biochar on soil properties and erosion potential in a highly weathered soil. Catena, 110, 225–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.06.021
  33. Jingkuan, S., Fei, L., Zhongqi, L., Lingyan, Zh., & Zhengguo, S. (2014). Biochars derived from various crop straws: Characterization and Cd(II) removal potential. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 106, 226-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.042
  34. Johannes, C., & Verbeek, R. (2012). Production and applications of Biopolymers, InTech.
  35. Kadokawa, J., Murakami, M., & Kaneko, Y. (2008). A facile preparation of gel materials from a solution of cellulose in ionic liquid. Carbohydrate Research, 343(4), 769-772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2008.01.017
  36. Kadokawa, J., Murakami, M., Takegawa, A., & Kaneko, Y. (2009). Preparation of cellulose–starch composite gel and fibrous material from a mixture of the polysaccharides in ionic liquid. Carbohydrate Polymers, 75(1), 180-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2008.07.021
  37. Kalkan, E. (2009). Effects of silica fume on the geotechnical properties of fine- grained soils exposed to freeze and thaw. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 5, 130-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2009.03.011
  38. Kemper, W.D., & Rosenau, R.C. (1986). Aggregate stability and size distribution. (pp: 425-442). In: Klute A, (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.
  39. Khosravi, A., & Moosavi, A.A. (2017). Influence of organic acids and wetting-drying cycles on the aggregate stability and size distribution in a calcareous soil. Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences), 31(2), 263-277. (In Persian with English abstract)
  40. Li, L., Lin, Z., Yang, X., Wan, Z., & Cui, S. (2009). A novel cellulose hydrogel prepared from its ionic liquid solution. Chinese Science Bulletin, 54(9), 1622-1625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-009-0207-2
  41. Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Sohi, S.P., Thies, J.E., O'Neill, B., Trujillo, L., Gaunt, J., Solomon, D., Liu, J., Bai, Y., Song, Z., Lu, Y., Qian, , & Kanungo, D.P. (2018). Evaluation of Strength Properties of Sand Modified with Organic Polymers. Journal Polymers, 10(5), 499-514. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10030287
  42. Ma, R., Cai, C.Z.L., Wang, J., Xiao, T., Peng, G., & Yang, W. (2015). Evaluation of soil aggregate microstructure and stability under wetting and drying cycles in two Ultisols using synchrotron-based x-ray micro-computed tomography. Soil and Tillage Research, 149, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.12.016
  43. Majdi, H., Karimian- Eghbal, M., Karimzadeh, H.R., & Jalalian, A. (2006). Effect of Different Clay Mulches on the Amount of Wind Eroded Materials. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 10(3), 137-149. (In Persian)
  44. Mandal, A., & Singh, N. (2017). Optimization of atrazine and imidacloprid removal from water using biochars: Designing single or multi-staged batch adsorption systems. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 220(3), 637-645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.02.010
  45. Mehrabi, sh., Soltani, S., & Jafari, R. (2015). Investigation of the relationship between climate parameters and dust phenomenon (Case study: Khuzestan province). Journal of Sciences and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Hydrology and Soil Science, 19(71), 69-80. (In Persian with English abstract)
  46. Memarzadeh, M., Emami, H., & Karimi, A.R. (2019). Evaluation the efficiency of mechanical and biological management practices on wind erosion in in Tal Hamid rail way Station of Tabas. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 9(3), 113-131. (In Persian with English abstract). http://doi.org/22069/ ejsms.2020.15601.1836
  47. Miri, A., Dragovich, D., & Dong, Z. (2017). Vegetation morphologic and aerodynamiccharacteristics reduce aeolian erosion. Scientific Reports. 7(1): 12831 48. Miri, A., Dragovich, D. & Dong, Z. (2019). Wind-borne sand mass flux in vegetated surfaces–Wind tunnel experiments with live plants. Catena, 172, 421-434. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.catena.2018.09.006
  48. Mizuta, K., Taguchi, S., & Sato, Sh. (2015). Soil aggregate formation and stability induced by starch and cellulose. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 87, 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.04.011
  49. Movahedan, M., Abbasi, N., & Keramati Toroghi, M. (2013). Experimental investigation of Polyvinyl Acetat effect on wind erosion of different soils by impacting sand particles. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 20(1), 55-75. (In Persian with English abstract)
  50. Murphy, B.W. (2015). Impact of soil organic matter on soil properties-a review with emphasis on Australian soils. Soil Research, 53(6), 605–635. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR14246
  51. Naghizade Asl, F., Asgari, H. R., Emami, H., & Jafari, M. (2017). Stabilization of drifting sands using micro silica- lime- clay as a mulch. Arabian Journal of Geoscience, 10(536), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3318-0
  52. Naghizade Asl, F., Asgari, H.R., Emami, H., & Jafari, M. (2018). Effect of micro silica (Silica fume) as mulch on soil losses of sand dunes. Journal of Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 8(3), 139-145. http://doi.org/22069/ejsms.2018.13963.1771
  53. Nooralivand, , & Farrokhian Firouzi, A. (2020). Investigation of modified biochar, nanoclay and polyvinyl acetate on soil stabilization and wind erosion control of sandy and loamy sand soils. 51(4), 923-935. (In Persian with English abstract)
  54. Oades, J.M. (1984). Soil organic matter and structural stability: mechanisms and implications for management. Plant Soil, 76, 319-337.
  55. Olawale, O.J., Abu, S.T., & Dorcas, O.O. (2016). Evaluation of soil aggregate stability under long term land management system. International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 9(2), 1-7. http://doi.org/10.9734/IJPSS/2016/19691
  56. Padidar, M., Jalalian, A., Asgari, K., Abdouss, M., Najafi, P., Honarjoo, N., & Fallahzade, J. (2017). The impacts of nanoclay on sandy soil stability and atmospheric dust control. Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus, 81(4), 193-196.
  57. Paluszek, J. (2011). Physical quality of eroded soil amended with gel-forming polymer. International Agrophysics, 25, 375–382.
  58. Peng, H.B., Gao, P., Chu, G., Pan, B., Peng, J.H., & Xing, B.S. (2017). Enhanced adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) by phosphoric acid-modified biochars. Environment Pollution, 229, 846-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.004
  59. Pires, L.F., Bacchi, O.O.S., & Reichardt, K. (2007). Assessment of soil structure repair due to wetting and drying cycles through 2D tomographic image analysis. Soil and Tillage Research, 94, 537–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.10.008
  60. Pirmoradian, N., Sepaskhah, A.R., & Hajabbasi, M.A. (2005). Application of fractal theory to quantify soil aggregate stability as influenced by tillage treatments. Biosystem Engineering, 90(2), 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2004.11.002
  61. Rajabi Agereh, S., Kiani, F., Khavazi, K., Rouhipour, H., & Khormali, F. (2019). Evaluation of the efficiency of biological reformer in controlling wind erosion. Iranian Journal of Range and Desert Research, 26(4), 824-837. (In Persian with English abstract)
  62. Rajaram, G., & Erbach, D.C. (1999). Effect of wetting -drying on soil physical properties. Journal of Terramechanics, 36, 39-49.
  63. Refahi, H. (2009). Wind Erosion and its Control. 5th University of Tehran prees, 320 p. (In Persian)
  64. Safadoust, A., Mahboubi, A.A., Mosaddeghi, M.R., Gharabaghi, B., Voroney, P., Unc, A., & Khodakaramian, G.h. (2012). Significance of physical weathering of twotexturally different soils for the saturated transport of coli and bromide. Journal of Environmental Management, 107, 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.04.007
  65. Shahabinejad, N., Mahmoodabadi, M., Jalalian, A., & Chavoshi, E. (2020). The influence of soil properties on the wind erosion rate at different regions of kerman province. Journal of Water and Soil Science, 24(9), 209-222. (in Persian with English abstract)
  66. Spaccini, R., Piccolo, A., Mbagwu, J.S.C., Zena Teshale, A., & Igwe, C.A. (2002). Influence ofthe addition of organic residues on carbohydrate content and structural stability of some highland soils in Ethiopia. Soil Use and Management, 18, 404–411. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2002.tb00259.x
  67. Sun, J.X., Sun, X.F., Zhao, H., & Sun, R.C. (2004). Isolation and characterization of cellulose from sugarcane bagasse. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 84(2), 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.02.008
  68. Tejedor, M., Jimenez, C., & Diaz, F. (2003). Volcanic materials as mulches for water conservation. Geoderma, 117, 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00129-0
  69. Utomo, W.H., & Dexter, A.R. (1982). Changes in soil aggregate water stability induced by wetting and drying cycles in non-saturated soil. Journal of Soil Science, 33, 623-637. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1982.tb01794.x
  70. Vaezi, A. (2011). Application of Petroleum mulches in controlling wind erosion and stabilization of Windblown. 2th Conference National Wind Erosion and Dust Storms, 16-17 Feb, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. (In Persian with English abstract)
  71. Verheijen, F., Jeffery, S., Bastos, A. C., van der Velde, M., & Diafas, I. (2010). Biochar application to soils a critical scientific review of effects on soil properties processes and functions. EUR 24099 EN. Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities. Luxembourg, 149 pp.
  72. Vidal, V.E., Vivas Miranda, J.G., & Paz Gonzalez, A. (2005). Characterizing anisotropy and heterogeneity of soil surface microtopography usingfractal models. Ecology Modeling, 182, 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.04.012
  73. Walkly, A., & Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of digestion methods for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic and titration. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 37, 29-38.
  74. Wang, B., Zheng, F.L., Römkens, M.J., & Darboux, F. (2013). Soil erodibility for water erosion: A perspective and Chinese experiences. Geomorphology, 187, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.01.018
  75. Xu, J., Tang, Y., & Zhou, J. (2017). Effect of drying–wetting cycles on aggregate breakdown for yellow–brown earths in karst areas. Geoenvironmental Disasters, 4, 1–13.
  76. Yang, Y. & Liu, X. (2006). Effect of different mulch materials on winter wheat production in desalinized soil in Heilongjiang region of North China. Soil Tillage and Research, 38, 231–243. http://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.2006.B0858
  77. Zimbone, S.M., Vickers, A., Morgan, R.P.C., & Vella, P. (1996). Field investigation of different techniques for measuring surface soil shear strength. Soil Technology, 9, 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0933-3630(96)00002-5
  78. Zong, Y., Chen, D., & Lu, S. (2014). Impact of biochar on swell-shrinkage behavior, mechanical strength and surface cracking of clayey soil. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 177(6), 920-926. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201300596
آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,566
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 661


سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب