ارزیابی نماتدهای انگل گیاهی در سامانه باغداری ارگانیک و رایج

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

مقاله 2، دوره 37، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 60، شهریور 1402، صفحه 119-136   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jpp.2023.79563.1114

نویسندگان

زهرا اکبری¹؛ فاطمه آقامیر^{* 2}؛ فراهم احمدزاده³؛ حسین محمودی¹

¹گروه اگرواکولوژی، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

²پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران

³گروه تنوع زیستی و مدیریت اکوسیستم‌ها، دانشیار، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

را‌هبردهای مدیریت کشاورزی شامل خاک‌ورزی، نهاده‌های کودی و دفاعی، اصلاح‌کنند‌های آلی بر زیست توده خاک اثر متفاوت دارند. در سامانه‌های مختلف کشت، در مدیریت آفات نماتدهای انگل گیاهی نقش و پاسخ‌های زیست‌توده برای حمایت از اقدامات پایدار باغداری ضروری است. نمونه‌برداری از دو سامانه کشاورزی ارگانیک، رایج و مرتع به منظور شناسایی نماتدهای خاکزی، ویژگی‌های فیزیکوشیمیایی خاک و تنفس میکروبی صورت گرفت. اثر نوع سامانه کشت بر فراوانی و تنوع نماتدهای انگل گیاهی در باغات رایج و ارگانیک سیب و هلو و مراتع با تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. 20 جنس از 11 خانواده از نماتدهای انگل گیاهی شناسایی شد که بیشترین فراوانی جنس نماتدها در سامانه‌ی کشت ارگانیک هلو مربوط به Gracilacus و کمترین فراوانی مربوط به جنس Scutylenchus در کشت رایج سیب می‌باشد. فراوانی خانواده نماتدها در سامانه ارگانیک بیشتر از رایج و فراوانی خانواده نماتدها در سامانه ارگانیک هلو بیشتر از ارگانیک سیب است. گفتنی است که سامانه رایج سیب از نظر فراوانی به مرتع نزدیک است؛ فراوانی خانواده نماتدها در سامانه رایج هلو بیش از سامانه رایج سیب است. تفاوت نوع کشت سیب هلو بر فراوانی و تنوع نماتدها در تمامی شرایط اثر معنی‌دار داشته است. نوع سامانه کشت (کشاورزی ارگانیک، رایج) در مقایسه با مرتع به عنوان شاهد بر فراوانی و تنوع جنس‌های Pratylenchus، Helicotylenchus، Tylenchus، Rotylenchus اثر معنی‌دار داشته، درصورتی که بر جنس Gracilacus اثر معنی‌دار نداشته است. تفاوت نوع کشت سیب و هلو بر فراوانی و تنوع نماتدهای انگل گیاهی در تمامی شرایط اثر معنی‌دار داشته است. اثر نوع سامانه کشت بر فراوانی تمامی جنس‌های نماتدی به استثنای Tylenchus معنی‌دار بوده است و بر تنوع تمامی جنس‌ها به غیر از Tylenchus و Rotylenchus اثر معنی‌دار داشته است. از میان تمامی عوامل خاکی، تنفس میکروبی، EC، OC، K، P و بافت (درصد اندازه ذرات خاک شامل شن، سیلت و رس) بر تمامی جنس‌های نماتدها اثر معنی‌دار داشته است. تفاوت‌های قابل توجه در ساختار جامعه و ترکیب فراوانی جوامع نماتدهای انگلی گیاهی در سامانه‌های کشت دیده شد. بر اساس ساختار جامعه نماتدهای انگلی در این پژوهش، سیب برای تولید ارگانیک در دماوند بهتر از هلو می‌باشد. علاوه بر این، تولیدکنندگان به دلیل ملاحظات بازار و قیمت، هلو را بهتر از سیب در نظر می‌گیرند. سامانه رایج، با شیوه‌های مدیریت کشاورزی رایج از جمله خاک‌ورزی و نهاده‌های شیمیایی سبب به‌هم خوردگی و از بین رفتن تنوع زیستی در اکوسیستم خاک شده است. به نظر می‌رسد که نماتدها به شیوه‌های مدیریت خاک حساس می‌باشند. سامانه ارگانیک با فشار زیاد نماتدهای انگل گیاهی به دلیل گزینه‌های مدیریتی کمتر به توسعه راهبردهای مدیریت یکپارچه نماتدی نیاز دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

جنس؛ سامانه کشت؛ غنا؛ میوه؛ نماتد

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