اثر برخی باکتری‌ها و قارچ‌های میکوریزی دارسانه‌ای بر بیماری بوته‌میری ریزوکتونیایی و ویژگی‌های رویشی لوبیا

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

مقاله 3، دوره 37، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 60، تیر 1402، صفحه 137-157   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jpp.2023.80203.1119

نویسندگان

ناهید معرف‌زاده^* ؛ هادی خاطری؛ روح الله شریفی

گروه گیاه‌پزشکی، دانشگاه رازی

چکیده

دانه‌های لوبیا (Phaseolus vulgaris) از مواد غذایی مهم در سراسر جهان محسوب می‌شوند. قارچ Rhizoctonia solani عامل بوته‌میری گیاه لوبیا و از مهم‌ترین بیمارگرهای خاک‌زاد در بیشتر مناطق کشت این گیاه در سراسر جهان است و نقش مهمی در کاهش عملکرد و کیفیت محصول دارد. کنترل زیستی راهکاری امیدبخش، مؤثر و پایدار برای مدیریت بیماری‌های قارچی خاک‌زاد است. در این پژوهش اثر ۱۴ سویه باکتریایی از جنس‌ها و گونه‌های مختلف بر رشد میسلیومی قارچ R. solani با آزمون کشت متقابل و تولید ترکیبات فرار در آزمایشگاه بررسی گردید. بر اساس دو آزمون هاله بازدارندگی و توانایی تولید ترکیبات فرار بازدارنده رشد، چهار سویه باکتریایی شامل Bacillus subtilis BS (B.s)، Bacillus velezensis JPS19 (B.vel)، Azotobacter vinelandii RUA1 (Azoto) و Alcaligenes faecalis 1624 (Alca) انتخاب شدند و اثر کاربرد جداگانه و دوگانه آن‌ها با دو گونه قارچ میکوریزی دارسانه‌ای  شامل Funneliformis mosseae  و Glomus claroideum  بر مهار بوته‌میری ناشی از R. solani و ویژگی‌های رویشی لوبیا در حضور بیمارگر در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی با ۱۶ تیمار و ۵ تکرار در گلخانه بررسی گردید. بسیاری از تیمارها، شدت بیماری را به‌طور معنی‌داری نسبت به شاهد بیمار کاهش دادند و سبب افزایش وزنِ تر و وزنِ خشک اندام‌های هوایی، وزنِ تر ریشه و وزنِ خشک ریشه گردیدند. تیمارهای F.moss، B.s، Alca و Azoto سبب افزایش معنی‌دار طول ریشه و تیمارهای Alca و B.s و B.vel+G.cla و Alca+G.cla سبب افزایش طول اندام هوایی نیز گردیدند. از نظر اثر روی بیماری، سویه B.s بهترین تیمار بود که شاخص بیماری را 36٫۵ درصد کاهش داد و در مجموع بیشترین اثر را در بهبود ویژگی‌های رویشی گیاه نشان داد. با وجود این که سویه‌های باکتریایی و میکوریزی در بسیاری تیمارهای دوگانه سازگاری نشان دادند، فقط تیمار دوگانه G.cla+B.vel، نسبت به کاربرد جداگانه هر یک از عوامل، اثر افزایشی بر وزنِ تر و طول اندام هوایی نشان داد. دیگر تیمارهای دوگانه، اثر افزایشی و یا هم‌افزایی در کاهش بیماری و بهبود رشد گیاه نداشتند. حتی در برخی تیمارهای دوگانه از نظر کاهش بیماری و بهبود رشد گیاه اثر ضعیف‌تری نسبت به تیمارهای منفردشان دیده شد. در میان تیمارهای مختلف، Alca+G.cla و Alca+ F.moss بیشترین و B.s+G.cla کمترین میزان کلنیزاسیون میکوریزی را نشان دادند. اثر باکتری‌ها بر کلنیزاسیون میکوریزی ریشه، بسته به سویه باکتریایی و میکوریزی مورد استفاده، افزاینده، کاهنده یا فاقد اثر بود. در بسیاری از موارد، بین میزان کلنیزاسیون میکوریزی ریشه و مهار بیماری نیز رابطه مستقیمی دیده نشد. با توجه به نتایج حاصل می‌توان گفت استفاده از ترکیب عوامل کنترل زیستی نسبت به کاربرد جداگانه هر یک از این عوامل همیشه کارآمدتر نبوده و نتایج حاصل، با توجه به سویه یا گونه باکتریایی و میکوریزی ترکیب‌شونده، متفاوت است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تحریک رشد؛ شدت بیماری؛ کنترل زیستی؛ Rhizoctonia solani

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