منشأیابی و ارزیابی آلودگی خاک‌های مرکزی استان خوزستان به برخی فلزات با پتانسیل آلایندگی

آب و خاک

مقاله 8، دوره 37، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 89، مرداد و شهریور 1402، صفحه 457-471   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.2023.81161.1254

نویسندگان

نسیم صحرایی¹؛ احمد لندی²؛ سعید حجتی^{* 2}؛ ادواردو پاسولی³

¹گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی،دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

²گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، خوزستان، ایران

³گروه علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه فدریکو ناپل، ایتالیا

چکیده

فلزات با پتانسیل آلایندگی از مهم‌ترین آلاینده‌های ‌محیطی هستند که در تمام جوامع صنعتی یافت می‌شوند از این‌رو ارزیابی وضعیت آلودگی خاک برای توسعه پایدار کشاورزی و احیا خاک‌های آلوده به فلزات با پتانسیل آلایندگی امری ضروری است. مطالعه حاضر با هدف کمی سازی آلودگی فلزات سرب، نیکل، کروم و روی برای ارزیابی زیست‌محیطی خاک با استفاده از شاخص‌های آلودگی و یک رویکرد انعطاف‌پذیر، بر اساس تحلیل چند متغیره در بخشی از اراضی مرکزی استان خوزستان انجام شد. به‌منظور برآورد میزان آلودگی خاک، 200 نمونه از خاک سطحی (عمق صفر تا 10 سانتی‌متری) تهیه گردید. پس از نمونه‌برداری و آماده‌سازی خاک‌ها، غلظت عناصر (روی، نیکل، سرب و کروم) با روش تیزآب سلطانی و دستگاه OES ICP- اندازه‌گیری و با استفاده از شاخص‌های زیست‌محیطی و تحلیل‌های مختلف آماری، میزان آلودگی در منطقه ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد که میانگین غلظت فلزات مورد مطالعه روی، نیکل، کروم و سرب به ترتیب 26/60، 96/50، 38/50 و 67/12 میلی‌گرم بر کیلوگرم بود. مطابق نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل همبستگی پیرسون تمامی فلزات به‌جز کروم از همبستگی بالایی با یکدیگر برخوردار بودند، که نشان دهنده منابع مشابه برای این فلزات در منطقه می‌باشد. به‌علاوه بر اساس نتایج تجزیه و تحلیل آماری چند متغیره هر دو عامل انسان‌زاد و زمین‌زاد، منشأ فلزات مورد بررسی در منطقه مورد مطالعه تشخیص داده شد. همچنین نتایج ارزیابی فاکتور آلودگی و شاخص زمین انباشتگی نشان داد که فلزات روی، نیکل، کروم و سرب به‌صورت منفرد، آلودگی در خاک سطحی منطقه ندارند و شاخص غنی‌شدگی نیز سطح آلودگی متوسط را در منطقه نشان می‌دهد، این در حالی است که نتایج به دست آمده از شاخص‌های آلودگی اصلاح شده و جامع آلودگی نمرو بیانگر شدت بالای آلودگی تجمیعی این فلزات در منطقه می‌باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تحلیل چند متغیره؛ روی؛ سرب؛ شاخص‌ غنی‌شدگی؛ کروم؛ نیکل

مراجع

1. Abyat, A., Azhdari, A., Jodaki, M., and Darvishi Khatoni, J. (2017). Study and separation of Quaternary sedimentary environments in Khuzestan plain. Advanced Applied Geology, 7(3): 49-64. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/22055/aag.2017.21931.1702.
2. Al-Wabel, M.I., Sallam, A.E.A.S., Usman, A.R., Ahmad, M., El-Naggar, A.H., El-Saeid, M.H., and Al-Romian, F.A. (2017). Trace metal levels, sources, and ecological risk assessment in a densely agricultural area from Saudi Arabia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(6): 252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5919-1.
3. Adimalla, N. (2020). Heavy metals pollution assessment and its associated human health risk evaluation of urban soils from Indian cities: a review. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42(1): 173–190.
4. Adimalla, N., and Wang, H. (2018). Distribution, contamination, and health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface soils from northern Telangana, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 11: 684. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12517-018-4028-y.
5. Ahmed, F., Fakhruddin, A.N.M., Imam, M.D., Khan, N., Khan, T.A., Rahman, M.M., and Abdullah, A.T.M. (2016). Spatial distribution and source identification of heavy metal pollution in roadside surface soil: a study of Dhaka Aricha highway, Bangladesh. Ecological Processes 5:2.
6. Amuno, S.A. (2013). Potential ecological risk of heavy metal distribution in cemetery soils. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 224 (2):1435.
7. Arenas-Lago, D., Vega, F.A., Silva, L.F.O., and Andrade, M.L. (2014). Copper distribution in surface and subsurface soil Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21:10997–11008.
8. Baltas, H., Sirin, M., Gokbayrak, E., and Ozcelik, A.E. (2020). A case study on pollution and a human health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils around Sinop province, Turkey. Chemosphere, 241: 125015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125015.
9. Barakat, A., Ennaji, W., Krimissa, S., and Bouzaid, M. (2019). Heavy metal contamination and ecological-health risk evaluation in peri-urban wastewater-irrigated soils of BeniMellal city (Morocco). International Journal of Environmental Health Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2019.1595540.
10. Bhuiyan, M.A.H., Parvez, L., Islam, M., Dampare, S.B., and Suzuki, S. (2010). Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173:384–392.
11. Black, G., and Hartge, K. (1986). Bulk density. Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Properties, Including Statistics of Measurement and Sampling.
12. Brady, J.P., Ayoko, G.A., Martens, W.N., and Goonetilleke, A. (2015). Development of a hybrid pollution index for heavy metals in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(5): 306.
13. Cerqueira, B., Vega, F.A., Silva, L.F., and Andrade, L. (2012). Effects of vegetation on chemical and mineralogical characteristics of soils developed on a decantation bank from a copper mine. Science of the Total Environment, 421:220–229.
14. Damian, F., Damian, G., Lăcătuşu, R., Macovei, G., Iepure, G., Năprădean, I., Chira, R., Kollar, L., Raţă, L., and Zaharia, D.C. (2008). Soils from the Baia Mare zone and the heavy metals pollution. Carpathian Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 3(1): 85-98.
15. Dragović, S., Mihailović, N.‚ and Gajić‚ B. (2008). Heavy metals in soils: distribution, relationship withsoil characteristics and radionuclides and multivariate assessment of contamination sources. Chemosphere, 72 (3): 491– 495.
16. Gee, G.W. and Bauder, J.W. (1986). Particle size analysis, In A. Klute (Ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part I, American Statistical Association and Soil Science Society of America (ASA) Monograph.
17. Hakanson, L. (1980). An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Research, 14(8):975– 1001. https://org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8.
18. Hojati, S. (2017). Pollution assessment and source apportionment of arsenic, lead and copper in selected soils of Khuzestan Province, southwestern Iran. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 10:528. https://org/10.1007/s12517-017-3316-2.
19. Hormozi Nejad, F., Rastmanesh, F., and Zarasvandi, A. (2017). Contamination assessment of heavy metals in the soils around Khouzestan Steel Company (KSC) (Ni, Mn, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cr). Journal of Economic Geology, 8(2):429-415. (In Persian with English abstract).
20. Huang, Y., Chen, Q., Deng, M., Japenga, J., Li, T., Yang, X., and He, Z. (2018). Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of agricultural soils in a typical peri-urban area in Southeast China. Journal of Environmental Management, 207:159–168.
21. Ielpo, P., Leardi, R., Pappagallo, G., and Uricchio, V.F. (2017). Tools based on multivariate statistical analysis for classification of soil and groundwater in Apulian agricultural sites. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(16):13967–13978.
22. Jiang, X., Lu, W., Zhao, H., Yang, Q., and Yang, Z. (2014). Potential ecological risk assessment and prediction of soil heavy-metal pollution around coal gangue dump. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 14(6):1599-610.
23. Keshavarzi, A., and Kumar, V. (2019).Ecological risk assessment and source apportionment of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils of northeastern Iran. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 29(5): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2018.1555638.
24. Kumar, V., Sharma, A., and Thukral, A.K. (2016). Assessment of soil enzyme activities based on soil samples from the Beas river bed, India using multivariate techniques. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science, 20:135–145.
25. Kumar, V., Sharma, A., Bhardwaj, R. M., and Thukral, A. K. (2018). Temporal distribution, source apportionment, and pollution assessment of metals in the sediments of Beas River, India. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 24(8): 2162–2181.
26. Loska, K., Wiechula, D., and Korus, I. (2004). Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environment International, 30 (2):159–165.
27. Maas, S., Schei, R.‚ Benslama, M.‚ Crini, N.‚ Lucot, E.‚ Brahmia, Z.‚ and Giraudoux‚ P. (2010). Spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations in urban, suburban and agricultural soils in a Mediterranean city of Algeria. Environmental Pollution, 158: 2294– 2301.
28. Mirsal, I.A. (2008). Soil pollution: origin, monitoring and remediation. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70777-6.
29. Nemerow, N.L. (1991). Stream, lake, estuary, and ocean pollution. New York (USA): John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
30. Qingjie, G., Jun, D., Yunchuan, X., Qingfei, W., and Liqiang, Y. (2008). Calculating pollution indices by heavy metals in ecological geochemistry assessment and a case study in parks of Beijing. Journal of China University of Geosciences, 19(3):230–241.
31. Rashed, M.N. (2010). Monitoring of contaminated toxic and heavy metals, from mine tailings through age accumulation, in soil and some wild plants at Southeast Egypt. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 178(1–3):739–746.
32. Rezapour, S., Golmohammad, H., and Ramezanpour, H. (2014). Impact of parent rock and topography aspect on the distribution of soil trace metals in natural ecosystems. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11(7): 2075–2086.
33. Rodriguez, R., and Redman, R. (2008). More than 400 million years of evolution and some plants still can’t make it on their own: plant stress tolerance via fungal symbiosis. Journal of Experimental Botany. 59: 1109–1114. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm342.
34. Salminen, R., Batista, M.‚ Bidovec, M.‚ Demetriades, A.‚ DeVivo, B.‚ DeVos, W.‚ Duris, M.‚ and Tarvainen‚ (2005). FOREGS Geochemical Atlas of Europe, Part 1 : Background Information, Geochemical Atlas of Europe Part 2 Interpretation of Geochemical Maps, Additional Tables, EuroGeoSurveys.
35. Sakram, G., Machender, G., Dhakate, R., Saxena, P. R., and Prasad, M. D. (2015). Assessment of trace elements in soils around Zaheerabad Town, Medak District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73: 4511–4524.
36. Siyahati Ardakani, G., Mirsanjari, M., Azimzadeh, H., and Solgi, E. (2019). Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in TopsoilAround Major Industries of Ardakan City. Toloo-e-Behdasht Journal, 17(6): 95-100. (In Persian with English abstract).
37. Song, T., Su, X., He, J., Liang, Y., and Zhou, T. (2018). Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in agricultural soils in Xinglonggang, Northeastern China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 24(2): 509–521.
38. Walkley, A. and Black, I.A. 1934. An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 37(1): 29-38.
39. Stafilov, T., Sajn, R., Boev, B., Cvetkovic, J., Mukaetov, D., Andreevski, M., and Lepitkova, S. (2010). Distribution of some elements in surface soil over the Kavadarci region, Republic of Macedonia. Environmental Earth Sciences, 61(7):1515–1530.
40. Suresh, G., Sutharsan, P., Ramasamy, V., and Venkatachalapathy, R. (2012). Assessment of spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of the heavy metals in relation to granulometric contents of Veeranam lake sediments, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 84: 117–124. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.027.
41. Tian, K., Huang, B., Xing, Z., and Hu, W. (2017). Geochemical baseline establishment and ecological risk evaluation of heavy metals in greenhouse soils from Dongtai, China. Ecological Indicators, 72: 510–520.
42. Tholkappian, M., Ravisankar, R., Chandrasekaran, A., Jebakumar, J.P.P., Kanagasabapathy, K.V., Prasad, M.V.R., and Satapathy, K.K. (2018). Assessing heavy metal toxicity in sediments of Chennai Coast of Tamil Nadu using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (EDXRF) with statistical approach. Toxicology Reports, 5:173–182.
43. Thomas, G.W. (1996). Soil pH and soil acidity. Methods of soil analysis. Madison (WI): American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America.
44. Turekian, K., and Wedepohl, K.H. )1961(. Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth's crust. Geological Society of America Bulletin 72: 175-192/
45. Wang, Y., Hu, J., Xiong, K., Huang, X., and Duan, S. (2012). Distribution of heavy metals in core sediments from Baihua Lake. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 16:51–58.
46. Wilding, L. P. (1985). Spatial variability: its documentation, accomodation and implication to soil surveys. In Soil spatial variability, Las Vegas NV, 30 November-1 December 1984.
47. Yalcin, M.G., Battaloglu, R., and Ilhan, S. (2007). Heavy metal sources in Sultan Marsh and its neighborhood, Kayseri, Turkey. Environmental Geology, 53(2): 399-415.
48. Ye, C., Li, S., Zhang, Y., and Zhang, Q. (2011). Assessing soil heavy metal pollution in the water-level-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 191(3): 366-372.
49. Yinxian, S., Junfeng, J., Zhongfang, Y., Xuyin, Y., Changping, M., Ray, F., and Ayoko, G. (2011). Geochemical behavior assessment and apportionment of heavy metal contaminants in the bottom sediments of lower reach of Changjiang River, Catena, 85:73 – 81
50. Yongming, H., Peixuan, D.‚ Junji, C.‚ and Posmentier, E.S. (2006). Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an, Central China. Science of the Total Environment‚ 355 (1– 3): 176– 186
51. Zhang, C., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, C., Zhang, R., and Mei, Y. (2015). Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of trace metals in urban soils in Wuhan, central China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(9):556.