Effect of Application of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria and Amino Acids Foliar Application on Growth Characteristics, Yield, and Nutritional Value of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

Article 5, Volume 21, Issue 3 - Serial Number 71, October 2023, Pages 333-346   

Document Type: Research Article

DOI: 10.22067/jcesc.2023.81340.1230

Authors

R Ashouri¹; H Fallah^{* 1}; Y Niknezhad^{1, 2}; D Barari Tari¹

¹Department of Agronomy, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran

²Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Ayatollah Amoli Branch, Islamic Azad University, Amol, Iran

Abstract

Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L.), as one of the most important cereals, is the main food of more than 50% of the world's population. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers in paddy fields has caused many environmental problems. Therefore, the application of biological fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers to increase the yield of crops and produce more food is one of the important goals of sustainable agriculture, which is necessary for human life. Bacteria is an example of biological fertilizer used in agriculture, which plays an important role in improving soil structure, improving plant growth, and increasing the quantitative and qualitative yield of crops. Another biological stimulant of plants is amino acids, which can increase plant growth, improve nutrients uptake, and increase grain yield and grain quality of crops. Methionine is the precursor of growth regulators such as auxin, cytokinin, and brassinosteroids and is known as the most important growth-limiting amino acid in plants. Lysine is an essential amino acid that is involved in the germination of pollen grains, chlorophyll synthesis, and crop production. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different strains of plant growth-promoting bacteria and amino acids on growth, yield, and concentration of nutrients in rice.
Materials and Methods
The field experiment was arranged as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the farmer's field located in Mazandaran province, Amol during 2019-2020 cropping seasons. In the present research, the plant growth-promoting bacteria at five levels (control or without bacteria [B₀], P. agglomerans strain O4 [B₁], P. putida strain P13 + P. agglomerans strain P5 [B₂], P. koreensis strain S14 + P. vancouverensis strain S19 [B₃] and combination of different strains [B₄]) as the main factor and amino acids foliar application in four levels (control or without amino acids [A₀], methionine [A₁], lysine [A₂] and methionine + lysine [A₃]) as the sub-factor were considered. The plant growth-promoting bacteria at the rate of 100 g.ha^-1 and amino acids at a concentration of 2.5 per thousand were applied in this study. At physiological maturity, the growth, yield components, grain yield, and nutrients uptake (NPK) in grain were measured. A combined analysis of variance was performed using SAS software version 9.2. Mean values were compared using least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level.
Results and Discussion
The outcomes established that the bacteria treatment exerted a notable impact on all examined traits, excluding the count of fertile tillers per hill. Equally noteworthy, the amino acid intervention displayed significance in terms of 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and nitrogen concentration in rice grains. However, the interaction between bacteria and amino acids exhibited no significance across the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rice. The concurrent utilization of bacteria strains, specifically B4, yielded substantial enhancements in panicle length (24.22 cm), the count of filled grains per panicle (60.30 filled grains), 1000-grain weight (28.52 g), grain yield (5097.50 kg.ha^-1), and the amelioration of nutrients concentrations. Notably, nutrients like nitrogen (1.61%), phosphorus (7.04%), and potassium (1.53%) exhibited improvements in rice grains, in comparison to instances involving separate strain applications and the control group. Simultaneous foliar application of methionine and lysine amino acids resulted in maximum 1000-grain weight (26.90 g), highest grain yield (4844.73 kg.ha^-1), and production of the greatest nitrogen content in grain (1.40%). In the present research, the increase in grain yield by combined application of different bacteria strains might be due to enhancing growth, improving yield components such as 1000-grain weight and filled grains number per panicle, and increasing nutrients concentration (NPK) in rice. Also, the simultaneous foliar application of methionine and lysine led to an increase in rice grain yield through increasing 1000-grain weight and improving nitrogen uptake in rice grains.
Conclusion
According to the results of this experiment, the combined application of the bacteria strains (P. agglomerans strain O4 + P. putida strain P13 + P. agglomerans strain P5 + P. koreensis strain S14 + P. vancouverensis strain S19) and simultaneous foliar application of methionine and lysine can play an important role in improving growth, yield and nutrients uptake in rice grains.

Keywords

Grain yield; Lysine; Methionine; NPK concentration; Plant growth promoting bacteria

References

1. Abd El-Mageed, T. A., Abd El-Mageed, S. A., El-Saadony, M. T., Abdelaziz, S., & Abdou, N. M. (2022). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria improve growth, morph-physiological responses, water productivity, and yield of rice plants under full and deficit drip irrigation. Rice, 15(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-022-00564-6
2. Ahemad, M., & Kibret, M. (2013). Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: Current perspective. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 26, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.05.001
3. Armada, E., Roldan, A., & Azcon, R. (2014). Differential activity of autochthonous bacteria in controlling drought stress in native lavandula and salvia plants species under drought conditions in natural arid soil. Microbial Ecology, 67, 410-420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-013-0326-9
4. Asghari, J., Ehteshami, S. M. R., Rajabi Darvishan, Z., & Khavazi, K. (2014). Study of root inoculation with plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and spraying with their metabolites on chlorophyll content, nutrients uptake and yield in rice (Hashemi cultivar). Journal of Soil Biology, 2(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.22092/sbj.2014.100088
5. Babazadeh, S. H., Kavoosi, M., Esfandiari, M., Nahvi, M., & Allahgholipour, M. (2012). Effects of nitrogen rates and application method on yield and yield components of hybrid rice. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 9(4), 728-734. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/gsc.v9i4.13284
6. Bakhshandeh, E., Pirdashti, H., Shahsavarpour Lendeh, K., Gilani, Z., Yaghoubi Khanghahi, M., & Crecchio, C. (2020). Effects of plant growth promoting microorganisms inoculums on mineral nutrition, growth and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa). Journal of Plant Nutrition, 43(11), 1643-1660. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2020.1739297
7. Colla, G., Cardarelli, M., Bonini, P., & Rouphael, Y. (2017). Foliar applications of protein hydrolysate, plant and seaweed extracts increase yield but dierentially modulate fruit quality of greenhouse tomato. HortScience, 52, 1214-1220. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI12200-17
8. El-Awadi, M., El-Bassiony, A., Fawzy, Z., & El-Nemr, M. (2011). Response of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lants to nitrogen fertilizer and foliar application with methionine and tryptophan. Nature Science, 9(5), 87-94.
9. El-Said, M. A. A., & Mahdy, A. Y. (2016). Response of two wheat cultivars to foliar application with amino acids under low levels of nitrogen fertilization. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 5(4), 462-72.
10. Fageria, N. K., Gheyi, H. R., & Carvalho, C. S. (2014). Yield, potassium uptake, and use efficiency in upland rice genotypes. II INOVAGRI International Meeting, 13-16 April, Fortaleza, Brazil. pp 4515-
11. Fathi, A., Farnia, A., & Maleki, A. (2013). Effects of nitrogen and phosphorous biofertilizers on yield and yield components of corn AS71 in Dareh-shahr, Iran. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology, 7(1), 105-114. (In Persian with English abstract).
12. Galili, G., & Amir, R. (2013). Fortifying plants with the essential amino acids lysine and methionine to improve nutritional quality. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 11, 211-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12025
13. Garcia de Salamone, I. E., Funes, J. M., Di Salvo, L. P., Escobar-Ortega, J. S., D’Auria, F., Ferrando, L., & Fernandez-Scavino, A. (2012). Inoculation of paddy rice with Azospirillum brasilense and Pseudomonas fluorescens: Impact of plant genotypes on rhizosphere microbial communities and field crop production. Applied Soil Ecology, 61, 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.12.012
14. Hou, W., Trankner, M., Lu, J., Yan, J., Huang, S., Ren, T., Cong, R., & Li, X. (2019). Interactive effects of nitrogen and potassium on photosynthesis and photosynthetic nitrogen allocation of rice leaves. BMC Plant Biology, 19(1), 302. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-1894-8
15. Huang, M., Long, F. A. N., Jiang, L. G., Yang, S. Y., Zou, Y. B., & Uphoff, N. (2019). Continuous applications of biochar to rice: Effects on grain yield and yield attributes. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 18(3), 563-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(18)61993-8
16. Jones, J. R., Wolf, J. B., & Mills, H. A. (1991). Plant Analysis Handbook: A Practical Sampling, Preparation, Analysis, and Interpretation Guide. Micro and Macro Publishing Inc. Athens, Georgia.
17. Kavino, M., Harish, S., Kumar, N., Saravanakumar, D., & Samiyappan, R. (2010). Effect of chitinolytic PGPR on growth, yield and physiological attributes of banana (Musa ) under field conditions. Applied Soil Ecology, 45, 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.02.003
18. Kavoosi, M., & Yazdani, M. R. (2020). Effect of irrigation interval and nitrogen fertilizer rate on grain yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa) cv. Hashemi. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences, 22(2), 168-182. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.29252/abj.22.2.168
19. Khan, S., Yu, H., Li, Q., Gao, Y., Sallam, B. N., Wang, H., Liu, P., & Jiang, W. (2019). Exogenous application of amino acids improves the growth and yield of lettuce by enhancing photosynthetic assimilation and nutrient availability. Agronomy, 9(5), 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050266
20. Kheyri, N. (2017). Effect of the rate and application time of vermicompost on the yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa ‘cv. Tarom Hashemi’). Applied Research in Field Crops, 30(2), 91-110. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/aj.2018.114711.1169
21. Kochaki, A., Jahan, M., & Nassiri Mahallti, M. (2008). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizafungi and free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria on growth characteristic of corn (Zea mays L.) under organic and conventional cropping systems. 2^nd conference of the international society of organic agriculture research (ISOFAR), June 2008, Modona, Italia.
22. Lavakush, Yadav, J., Verma, J. P., Jaiswal, D. K., & Kumar, A. (2014). Evaluation of PGPR and different concentration of phosphorus level on plant growth, yield and nutrient content of rice (Oryza sativa). Ecological Engineering, 62, 123-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.10.013
23. Malakouti, M. J., & Tehrani, M. M. (2005). Effects of micronutrient on the yield and quality of agricultural products: Micro-nutrient with macro-effects. Tarbiat Modares University Press. Tehran, Iran. 445 p. (In Persian with English abstract).
24. Mo, B., & Lian, B. (2011). Interactions between Bacillus mucilaginosus and silicate minerals (weathered adamellite and feldspar): Weathering rate, products, and reaction mechanisms. Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 30, 187. https://org/10.1007/s11631-011-0500-z
25. Nguyen, H. C., Hoefgen, R., & Hesse, H. (2012). Improving the nutritive value of rice seeds: elevation of cysteine and methionine contents in rice plants by ectopic expression of a bacterial serine acetyltransferase. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(16), 5991- https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers253
26. Niknejad, Y., Daneshian, J., Shirani Rad, A. H., Pirdashti, H., & Arzanesh, M. H. (2017). Evaluation the efficiency of growth promoting bacteria on yield and yield components of rice under deficit irrigation and reduced rates of nitrogen. Applied Field Crops Research, 29(3), 9-19. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22092/aj.2016.112591
27. Olivares, F. L., Busato, J. G., de Paula, A. M., da Silva Lima, L., Aguiar, O., & Canellas, L. P. (2017). Plant growth promoting bacteria and humic substances: crop promotion and mechanisms of action. Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture, 4, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40538-017-0112-x
28. Rahmati Khorshidi, Y., Ardakani, M. R., Ramezanpour, M. R., Khavazi, K., & Zargari, K. (2011). Response of yield and yield components of rice (Oryza sativa ) to Pseudomonas flouresence and Azospirillum lipoferum under different nitrogen levels. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, 10(3), 387-395.
29. Rezvan Beidokhti, S., Dashtban, A., Kafi, M., & Sanjani, S. (2009). Evaluating the effect of some Pesodomonas bacteria strains on wheat yield and its components at various levels of phosphorus fertilization. Journal of Agroecology, 1(1), 33-40. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jag.v1i1.2652
30. Rouphael, Y., & Colla, G. (2018). Synergistic biostimulatory action: designing the next generation of plant biostimulants for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 1655. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01655
31. Sharma, A. K. (2003). Biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. Agro- Bios Publisher, India. PP: 300.
32. Shekari, G., & Javanmardi, J. (2017). Effects of foliar application pure amino acid and amino acid containing fertilizer on broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) transplant. Advances in Crop Science and Technology, 5, 280. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000280
33. Souza, R., Beneduzi, A., Ambrosini, A., Costa, P. B., Meyer, J., Vargas, L. K., Schoenfeld, R., & Passaglia, L. M. P. (2013). The effect of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on the growth of rice (Oryza sativa) cropped in southern Brazilian fields. Plant and Soil, 366, 585-603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1430-1
34. Teixeira, W. F., Fagan, E. B., Soares, L. H., Soares, J. N., Reichardt, K., & Neto, D. D. (2018). Seed and foliar application of amino acids improve variables of nitrogen metabolism and productivity in soybean crop. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 396. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00396
35. Waling, I., Vark, W. V., Houba, V. J. G., & Vanderlee, J. J. (1989). Soil and Plant Analysis, A series of syllabi. Part 7. Plant Analysis Procedures. Wageningen Agriculture University, Netherland. 168p.
36. Weiland, M., Mancuso, S., & Baluska, F. (2016). Signalling via glutamate and GLRs in Arabidopsis thaliana. Functional Plant Biology, 43, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1071/FP15109
37. Wu, S. C., Cao, Z. H., Li, Z. G., Cheung, K. C., & Wong, M. H. (2005). Effect of biofertilizer containing N fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trial. Geoderma, 125(1-2), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.07.003
38. Xia, L., Lam, S. K., Chen, D., Wang, J., Tang, Q., & Yan, X. (2017). Can knowledge-based N management produce more staple grain with lower greenhouse gas emission and reactive nitrogen pollution? A meta-analysis. Global Change Biology, 23(5), 1917-1925. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13455
39. Yang, Q. Q., Zhang, C. Q., Chan, M. L., Zhao, D. S., Chen, J. Z., Wang, Q., Li, Q. F., Yu, H. X., Gu, M. H., Sun, S. S., & Liu, Q. Q. (2016). Biofortification of rice with the essential amino acid lysine: molecular characterization, nutritional evaluation, and field performance. Journal of Experimental Botany, 67(14), 4285-42 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw209
40. Yang, Q. Q., Suen, P. K., Zhang, C. Q., Mak, S., Gu, M. H., Liu, Q. Q., & Sun, S. S. M. (2017). Improved growth performance, food efficiency, and lysine availability in growing rats fed with lysine-biofortified rice. Scientific Reports, 7, 1389. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01555-0