News

 Statistics

Number of Journals52
Number of Issues2,092
Number of Articles21,685
Article View80,034,180
PDF Download25,566,522
Yahyavi Dizaj, A., Akbari Azirani, T., Khaledi, S., Javan, K. (2023). Seasonal Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Sensitivity to Meteorological Elements in IRAN. , 37(4), 643-657. doi: 10.22067/jsw.2023.83328.1307
A. Yahyavi Dizaj; T. Akbari Azirani; Sh. Khaledi; Kh. Javan. "Seasonal Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Sensitivity to Meteorological Elements in IRAN". , 37, 4, 2023, 643-657. doi: 10.22067/jsw.2023.83328.1307
Yahyavi Dizaj, A., Akbari Azirani, T., Khaledi, S., Javan, K. (2023). 'Seasonal Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Sensitivity to Meteorological Elements in IRAN', , 37(4), pp. 643-657. doi: 10.22067/jsw.2023.83328.1307
Yahyavi Dizaj, A., Akbari Azirani, T., Khaledi, S., Javan, K. Seasonal Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Sensitivity to Meteorological Elements in IRAN. , 2023; 37(4): 643-657. doi: 10.22067/jsw.2023.83328.1307

Seasonal Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration and Its Sensitivity to Meteorological Elements in IRAN

آب و خاک
Article 10, Volume 37, Issue 4 - Serial Number 90, September and October 2023, Pages 643-657    PDF (1.03 M)
Document Type: Research Article
DOI: 10.22067/jsw.2023.83328.1307
Authors
A. Yahyavi Dizaj1; T. Akbari Azirani* 2; Sh. Khaledi3; Kh. Javan4
1, Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran
2Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Natural Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
4Faculty of literature and human sciences, Urmia, Iran
Abstract
Introduction
Evapotranspiration is the combination of two separate processes, soil moisture evaporation, and plant transpiration, which amount depends on various meteorological elements. Therefore, identifying the effective factors and the amount of their impact on reference evapotranspiration (ET0) is important. This component plays an important role in various agricultural studies, including the design of irrigation and drainage systems, reservoir design, and irrigation planning (Ahmadyan et al., 2023). Accurate estimates of evaporation and transpiration play an important role in studies such as global climate change, and environmental evolution, and in various scientific fields such as hydrology, agriculture, forest and pasture management, and water resources management (Kazemi, 2020).
 
Materials and Methods
The research was conducted in Iran, and the data analyzed encompass various meteorological parameters, including maximum, average, and minimum temperatures, average relative humidity, wind speed, and sunshine hours. These data were collected on a daily basis from 40 synoptic stations across the country. The dataset spans from 1976 to 2020 and was sourced from the Meteorological Organization of the country (IMO, 2022).The research employed the FAO Penman-Monteith method, specifically the 56th version, to estimate seasonal ET0 (evapotranspiration) values.In this research, for statistical evaluations of ET0 and revealing the trend of time series on a seasonal scale, the non-parametric Mann-Kendall (M-K) test; (Kendall, 1948; Mann, 1945) was used. To identify the changing trend of the ET0 time series, the ITA method was used on a seasonal scale. Four meteorological stations and the 45-year time scale (1976-2020) used in the current research, it had a better performance than other interpolation methods, which was used as the superior method. To understand the possible changes of one or more meteorological variables in ET0, the sensitivity of Reference Evapotranspiration to six meteorological variables (relative humidity, hours of sunshine, average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, and wind speed) was estimated. For this purpose, Sobol's method (Sobol, 1993). Sensitivity analysis was used.
 
Results and Discussion
According to the ET0 survey results, the highest amount of ET0 was observed in the spring season in the south and south-eastern parts, and the highest average value was 1050 mm/year in Zabul station. The increase of ET0 in these areas can be due to the sun's radiation and more warming of the earth's surface in the southern latitudes of the country. In summer due to the length of the day and higher temperature, we saw an increase in ET0, especially in the southern and southeastern regions of the country. In autumn, due to the decrease in the length of the day and the decrease in temperature, the amount of ET0 has also decreased significantly in the northern parts of the country. In winter, with a decrease in temperature and an increase in relative humidity, which is more noticeable in northern than southern regions.
In the summer season, all stations generally showed an increasing trend in ET0. In most of the stations, the significance level was 5% and it did not follow a specific pattern. In the autumn season, an increasing trend of ET0 was observed at a significant level of 5% in Khoy and Saqez stations, and a significant decreasing trend was observed in Qazvin and Shiraz stations. In the winter season, in the western and northwestern regions, all study stations showed an increasing trend of ET0. Finally, the overall results indicate that there is a significant increasing trend of ET0 during the summer in Iran. The graphical results of the ET0 trend by the four seasons on a scale of 44 showed that, in general, there was an increasing trend in ET0 in both high and low areas in all seasons. The values of meteorological variables have been changed by the Sobol method in the range of 40% to investigate the effect of meteorological elements on ET0 in different seasons of the year. The ranking of the sensitivity coefficient of the most effective meteorological parameter on the increase of the seasonal ET0 using Sobol's method showed that, in general, in the spring season, the minimum temperature had the greatest effect on the reference evaporation and transpiration rate. Also, the ratings obtained in the summer season indicate that wind speed has the greatest effect on the ET0 amount. In the autumn season, wind speed is still the first rank in affecting the rate of evaporation and transpiration. Finally, in the winter, the maximum temperature is the most important influencing factor among the other meteorological parameters.
 
Conclusion
According to the results, the amount of ET0 was increasing and it has been noteworthy in the eastern half of Iran in recent years. The trend of changes in ET0 showed that most stations had a positive value. The ET0 seasonal time series analysis with the ITA method indicated that in Kerman station; ET0 increased in all seasons and these results were at Bandar Anzali station. It was also observed that the seasonal trend of ET0 was increasing. The results of the sensitivity analysis graphs showed that relative humidity generally had a negative effect, and the other parameters indicates a positive effect in increasing the ET0. Also, the results explained that in spring, summer, autumn, and winter, meteorological variables of minimum temperature, wind speed, and maximum temperature played a greater role in increasing ET0. The findings of the present research and the results of the ranking of the sensitivity of factors affecting the ET0 rate showed that in each period, different conditions prevail in terms of the influence of meteorological elements on the ET0 rate.
Keywords
ET0; FAO Penman-Monteith 56; ITA; Sobol’s sensitivity analysis method
References
  1. Ahmad, M.U.D., Kirby, J.M., & Cheema, M.J.M. (2019). Impact of agricultural development on evapotranspiration trends in the irrigated districts of Pakistan: evidence from 1981 to 2012. Water International, 44(1), 51-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2019.1575110
  2. Ahmad, N.F.A., Askari, M., Harun, S., Fadhil, A.B., & Demun, A. S. (2017). Sensitivity analysis of a FAO Penman Monteith for potential evapotranspiration to climate change. Jurnal Teknologi, 79(7), 21-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v79.8377
  3. Ahmadi, M., Mirzaei, Z.S., & Dadashiroudbari, A. (2021). Investigation of seasonal distribution and abnormal trend of day and night surface temperature in Iran using MODIS sensor data. Physical Geography Research Quarterly, 53(3), 351-364. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/jphgr.2021.323144.1007615.
  4. Ahmadyan, M., Sobhani., B., & Jahanbakhsh Asl, S. (2023). Evapotranspiration changes of reference Crop during the growth stages of apple tree in Urmia and Semirom cities.. Journal of Applied Researches in Geographical Sciences, 23(70), 21-36. (In Persian with English abstract). http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22287736.1300.0.0.24.7
  5. Allen, R. G., Pereira, L. S., Raes, D., & Smith, M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration-Guidelines for computing crop water requirements-FAO Irrigation and drainage paper 56. Rome: Fao.
  6. Amiri, M., & Pourghasemi, H.R. (2019). Comparing different methods of potential evapotranspiration and studying temporal and spatial changes in the Mahalou Watershed using GIS. Journal of Watershed Management Research, 10(19), 22-35. http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22516174.1398.10.19.12.5
  7. Babaei, M. (2021). Temporal and Spatial Assessment of Actual Evapotranspiration by Semi- Distributed Model and a Remote Sensing Method. Ph.D. Dissertation in Faculty of Civil, Water and Environmental Engineering, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran. (In Persian with English abstract)
  8. Blyth, E.M., Martinez-de la Torre, A., & Robinson, E.L. (2019). Trends in evapotranspiration and its drivers in Great Britain: 1961 to 2015. Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 43(5), 666-693. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133319841891
  9. Cabral Junior, J.B., de Almeida, H.A., Bezerra, B.G., & Spyrides, M.H.C. (2019). Detecting linear trend of reference evapotranspiration in irrigated farming areas in Brazil’s semiarid region. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 138(1), 215-225. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00704-019-02816-w
  10. D’Andrea, M.F., Rousseau, A.N., Bigah, Y., Gattinoni, N.N., & Brodeur, J.C. (2019). Trends in reference evapotranspiration and associated climate variables over the last 30 years (1984–2014) in the Pampa region of Argentina. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 136(3), 1371-1386. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.316
  11. Dinpashoh, Y., & Foroghi, M. (2020). Application of Path Analysis in identification of dominant effective meteorological parameters on ET0 in West Azarbaijan. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 20(58), 163-180. (In Persian with English abstract). http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.22287736.1399.20.58.10.5
  12. Ebrahimi Haftcheshmeh, M. (2019). Zoning of potential reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) in Kermanshah province. Master Thesis in Faculty of Science and Agricultural Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah. (In Persian with English abstract)
  13. Fang, M. (2021). Variations and Sensitivity Analysis of Reference Evapotranspiration During 2010-2019 in the Zhangye Farmland Oasis, Northwest China. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-831426/v1
  14. Foroghi, M., Dinpashoh, Y., & Jahanbakhsh Asl, S. (2020). Impact of Climate Change on Reference Crop Evapotranspiration Trends in the west rejoin of Iran. Journal of Climate Research, 1398(37), 21-37. (In Persian with English abstract)
  15. Gao, Z., He, J., Dong, K., & Li, X. (2017). Trends in reference evapotranspiration and their causative factors in the West Liao River basin, China. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 232, 106-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2016.08.006
  16. Ghafouri-Azar, M., Bae, D.H., & Kang, S.U. (2018). Trend analysis of long-term reference evapotranspiration and its components over the Korean Peninsula. Water, 10(10), 1373. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101373
  17. Gong, L., Xu, C.Y., Chen, D., Halldin, S., Chen, Y.D. (2006). Sensitivity of the Penman–Monteith reference evapotranspiration to key climatic variables in the Changjiang (Yangtze River) basin. Journal of hydrology, 329(3-4), 620-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.03.027
  18. Hu, S., Gao, R., Zhang, T., Bai, P., & Zhang, R. (2021). Spatio-temporal variation of reference evapotranspiration and its climatic drivers over the Tibetan Plateau during 1970–2018. Applied Sciences, 11(17), 8013. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11178013
  19. Hwang, J.H., Azam, M., Jin, M.S., Kang, Y.H., Lee, J.E., Latif, M., & Hashmi, M.Z. (2020). Spatiotemporal trends in reference evapotranspiration over South Korea. Paddy and Water Environment, 18(1), 235-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10333-019-00777-4
  20. Iran Meteorological Organization (2022). Product & Services Database.
  21. Javan, K. (2021). Identification of hydrological drought trends in the Lake Urmia Basin. Hydrogeomorphology, 7(25), 138-119. (In Persian with English abstract). https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/hyd.2021.43326.1562.
  22. Kang, T., Li, Z., & Gao, Y. (2021). Spatiotemporal variations of reference evapotranspiration and its determining climatic factors in the Taihang mountains, China. Water, 13(21), 3145. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13213145
  23. Kazemi, M.H. (2020). Evaluation of different data driven methods in estimating reference evapotranspiration. Master Thesis in Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University, Tabriz. (In Persian with English abstract)
  24. Kendall, M.G. (1948). Rank Correlation Methods. New York:
  25. Li, Y., Qin, Y., & Rong, P. (2022). Evolution of potential evapotranspiration and its sensitivity to climate change based on the Thornthwaite, Hargreaves, and Penman–Monteith equation in environmental sensitive areas of China. Atmospheric Research, 273, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2022.106178
  26. Lin, P., He, Z., Du, J., Chen, L., Zhu, X., & Li, J. (2018). Impacts of climate change on reference evapotranspiration in the Qilian Mountains of China: Historical trends and projected changes. International Journal of Climatology, 38(7), 2980-2993. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5477
  27. Lorestani, M. (2016). Evaluation and comparison of different (temperature based methods) for estimating reference evapotranspiration in different climates and that's Iran zoning with GIS. Master Thesis in Faculty of Agricultural sciences and engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah. (In Persian with English abstract)
  28. Mann, H.B .(1945). Nonparametric tests against trend. Econometrica, 13(3), 245-259. https://doi.org/10.2307/1907187
  29. Mubialiwo, A., Onyutha, C., & Abebe, A. (2020). Historical rainfall and evapotranspiration changes over Mpologoma catchment in Uganda. Advances in Meteorology, 2020, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8870935
  30. Niazi, Z. (2016). Evaluation and generalization of Mass transfer-besed methods for calculating Reference Evapotranspiration across of Iran by GIS. Master Thesis in Faculty of Agricultural sciences and engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah. (In Persian with English abstract)
  31. Nouri, M., & Bannayan, M. (2019). Spatiotemporal changes in aridity index and reference evapotranspiration over semi-arid and humid regions of Iran: trend, cause, and sensitivity analyses. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 136(3), 1073-1084. https:// doi.org /10.1007/s00704-018-2543-0
  32. Piri, H., & Poozan, M. (2019). Evaluation of 24 models of reference evapotranspiration in different climates of Iran. Iranian journal of Ecohedrilogy, 6(3), 611-622. (In Persian). https://doi.org/10.22059/ije.2019.277302.1065.
  33. Pour, S.H., Abd Wahab, A.K., Shahid, S., & Ismail, Z.B. (2020). Changes in reference evapotranspiration and its driving factors in peninsular Malaysia. Atmospheric Research, 246, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.105096
  34. Pravalie, R., Piticar, A., Roșca, B., Sfîca, L., Bandoc, G., Tiscovschi, A., & Patriche, C. (2019). Spatio-temporal changes of the climatic water balance in Romania as a response to precipitation and reference evapotranspiration trends during 1961–2013. Catena, 172, 295-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.08.028
  35. Rahman, M. A., Yunsheng, L., Sultana, N., & Ongoma, V. (2019). Analysis of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) trends under climate change in Bangladesh using observed and CMIP5 data sets. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 131(3), 639-655. https:// doi.org /10.1007/s00703-018-0596-3
  36. Sadeghi, A., & Ahmadi, H. (2021). Evaluation of monthly reference evapotranspiration in Iran based on the output of CORDEX-MNA project downscaled dynamic models. Physical Geography Research Quarterly, 54(2), 185-202. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/jphgr.2022.332856.1007652
  37. Sobol, I.M. (2001). Global sensitivity indices for nonlinear mathematical models and their Monte Carlo estimates. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 55 (1-3), 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4754(00)00270-6
  38. Sobol, I.M. (1993) Sensitivity Estimates for Nonlinear Mathematical Models. Mathematical Modelling and Computational Experiments, 4, 407-414.
  39. Tavoosi, T., Mansouri Daneshvar, M., & Movaqqari, A. (2012). The zonation of aridity intensity in Iran using Hargreaves- Samani evapotranspiration model based on digital elevation model (DEM). Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 2(3), 95-110. (In Persian with English abstract). https://sid.ir/paper/221119/en
  40. Wang, Q., Xu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Xiang, J., Xu, Y., & Wang, J. (2020). Individual and combined impacts of future land-use and climate conditions on extreme hydrological events in a representative basin of the Yangtze River Delta, China. Atmospheric Research, 236, 104805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104805
  41. Yahyavi Dizaj, A., Javan, K., Khaledi, S., & Akbari Azirani, T. (2023). Evaluation of changes in reference evapotranspiration in Iran over the last decades. Desert Management, 11(1), 39-58. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22034/jdmal.2023.2000984.1413.
  42. Yamamoto, M. (2020). Ensemble simulations of the influence of regionally warm sea surface on moisture and rainfall in Tsushima Strait during August 2013. Atmospheric Research, 238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104876
  43. Yang, L., Feng, Q., Adamowski, J. F., Yin, Z., Wen, X., Wu, M., & Hao, Q. (2020). Spatio-temporal variation of reference evapotranspiration in northwest China based on CORDEX-EA. Atmospheric Research, 238, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104868
  44. Yang, Y., Chen, R., Song, Y., Han, C., Liu, J., & Liu, Z. (2019). Sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration to meteorological factors and their elevational gradients in the Qilian Mountains, northwestern China. Journal of Hydrology, 568, 147-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.069
  45. Zeraati Neyshabouri, S., Pourreza Bilondi, M., Khashei-Siuki, A., & Shahidi, A. (2022). Efficiency comparison of fuzzy regression models with the penman-monteith method in estimating of monthly reference evapotranspiration of Neyshabour plain. Environment and Water Engineering, 8(1), 205-217. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22034/jewe.2021.283243.1555.
  46. Zhang, X., Wang, L., & Chen, D. (2019). How does temporal trend of reference evapotranspiration over the Tibetan Plateau change with elevation?. International Journal of Climatology, 39(4), 2295-2305. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5951
  47. Zhou, P., Liu, Z., & Cheng, L. (2020). An alternative approach for quantitatively estimating climate variability over China under the effects of ENSO events. Atmospheric Research, 238, 104897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104897
 

Statistics
Article View: 4,532
PDF Download: 1,626


Journal Management System. Powered by Sinaweb