تأثیر کم‌‏آبیاری بر عملکرد دانه و برخی شاخص‌‏های فیزیولوژیکی ارقام آفتابگردان (Helianthus annus L.)

پژوهشهای زراعی ایران

مقاله 5، دوره 22، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 73، فروردین 1403، صفحه 71-88   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jcesc.2023.83198.1258

نویسندگان

داود امیدی نسب^{* 1}؛ موسی مسکرباشی²؛ افراسیاب راهنما قهفرخی²

¹دانش‌‏آموخته دوره دکتری، گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

²گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

چکیده

به‏‌منظور بررسی عملکرد دانه و برخی شاخص‌‏های فیزیولوژیکی ارقام آفتابگردان در شرایط کم‌‏آبیاری، پژوهشی مزرعه‌ای در سال زراعی 1399–1398 به‏‌صورت کرت‏‌های خردشده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌‏های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی صفی‌‏آباد انجام شد. سه سطح کم‌آبیاری شامل: شاهد، به‌صورت آبیاری براساس تخلیه 50 و کم‌‏آبیاری بر اساس تخلیه 70 و 90 درصد رطوبت قابل‌استفاده در کرت‌های اصلی و شش رقم آفتابگردان اسکار، فلیکس، شکیرا، ساوانا، لاباد و مونالیزا در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفتند. تیمارهای کم‏‌آبیاری در مقایسه با شاهد به‌طور متفاوتی سبب کاهش معنی‌دار تعداد و وزن دانه‏ در طبق، عملکرد دانه، شاخص کلروفیل، هدایت روزنه‌ای، سرعت فتوسنتز و محتوای آب نسبی برگ شد. کم‏‌آبیاری 90 درصد ظرفیت زراعی سبب کاهش تعداد دانه در طبق، وزن دانه‏ در طبق، عملکرد دانه و درصد روغن به‌‏ترتیب به میزان 46، 50، 50 و 24 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد شد. این تیمار همچنین موجب کاهش 49، 25، 28، 26، 48، 22 و 78 درصدی به‌ترتیب سرعت فتوسنتز، هدایت روزنه‌‏ای، جذب نور، محتوای آب نسبی برگ، شاخص سطح برگ، شاخص کلروفیل و سرعت تعرق شد، در حالی‌که باعث افزایش 58 و 16 درصدی شاخص کارایی مصرف آب و دمای تاج پوشش برگ در مقایسه با شاهد شد. ارقام اسکار و شکیرا به‌‏ترتیب در تیمار شاهد و کم‌‏آبیاری 90 درصد، با میانگین عملکرد دانه 5.34 و 2.67 تن در هکتار، بیش‏ترین و کم‏ترین عملکرد را تولید نمودند. در نهایت، ارقام فلیکس و لاباد با توجه به حفظ و تولید عملکرد دانه بالا در شرایط کم‌‏آبیاری، به‏‌عنوان ارقام برتر پیشنهاد می‏گردند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تنش خشکی؛ سرعت فتوسنتز؛ شاخص کلروفیل؛ عملکرد دانه؛ هدایت روزنه‌ای

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