Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection and risk factors in aborted sheep and goats in Kerman province, southeast of Iran

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology

دوره 15، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 33، اسفند 2023، صفحه 37-45   

نوع مقاله: Research Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/ijvst.2023.83577.1283

نویسندگان

Mohadese Soltaninejad؛ Mehdi Golchin^* ؛ Mohammad Khalily؛ Elham Mohammadi؛ Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran

Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.

چکیده

Coxiellosis, also known as Q fever, is a zoonotic disease caused by Coxiella burnetti and has become a significant cause of small ruminant abortion globally. Q fever is endemic in Iran, but there is a dearth of epidemiological data regarding the true prevalence of C. burnetii in some areas of Iran. Small ruminants, mainly goats and sheep, are considered the primary reservoir for human infection, posing a considerable threat to human health. Theses reservoirs can shed the bacterium into vaginal mucus.The objective of this study is to examine the prevalence of coxiellosis through the detection of the IS1111 gene of C. burnetii using Real-time PCR and also to identify the related risk factors (such as the location of livestock, age, species, and parity) associated with the disease in the vaginal discharge of small ruminants residing in Kerman province, located in the southeast of Iran. During the winter of 2019 and autumn of 2020, a total of 134 vaginal samples from aborted small ruminants (70 samples from sheep and 64 from goats) were gathered from 32 herds located in different areas of Kerman province. The results showed that 26 samples, comprising 14 from goats (21.88 %) and 12 from sheep (17.14 %), were positive for coxiellosis. According to the findings of our study, the detection of C. burnetii showed that coxiellosis is circulating in the studied area. Additionally, our analysis revealed no statistically significant association between the prevalence of Q fever and small ruminants'' location, number of parturition,  and age that were examined as potential risk factors.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Q fever؛ Coxiellosis؛ Real-time PCR؛ Small ruminants؛ Prevalence؛ Kerman province

سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله

5-1283- persian Abs-F.pdf

IJVST-15-37.xml

مراجع

1.     Kilicoglu Y, Cagirgan AA, Serdar G, Kaya S, Durmaz Y, Gur Y. Molecular investigation, isolation and phylogenetic analysis of Coxiella burnetii from aborted fetus and ticks. Comparative Immunology and Microbiology Infectious Disease. 2020;73:101571.doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101571. 
2.     Keivani RN, Azizzadeh M, Taghavi RAR, Mehrzad J, Rashtibaf M. Seroepidemiology of coxiellosis (Q fever) in sheep and goat populations in the northeast of Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University. 2014;15(1):1-6
 3.     Genova-Kalou P, Krumova S, Parvanov M, Stefanova R, Marinov R, Andonova I, et al. Mini Review: Q Fever (coxiellosis): Epidemiology, pathogenesis and current laboratory diagnosis. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences. 2021;81:136–43. 
4.     Sadiki V, Gcebe N, Mangena ML, Ngoshe YB, Adesiyun AA. Prevalence and risk factors of Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) in cattle farms in Limpopo province, South Africa. Frontiers Veterinary Science. 2023;10:1101988. doi:10.3389/fvets.2023.1101988.  
5.     Abiri Z, Khalili M, Rad M, Sharifi H. Detection of Coxiella burnetii in aborted fetuses of cattle and sheep using polymerase chain reaction assay in Mashhad city, Iran. International Journal of Enteric Pathogens. 2016;4(1):9–33170. doi: 10.17795/ijep33170.
6.     Rizzo F, Vitale N, Ballardini M, Borromeo V, Luzzago C, Chiavacci L, et al. Q fever seroprevalence and risk factors in sheep and goats in northwest Italy. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2016;130:10–7. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.05.014.
7.     Pechstein J, Schulze-Luehrmann J, Lührmann A. Coxiella burnetii as a useful tool to investigate bacteria-friendly host cell compartments. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2018;308(1):77–83. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.09.010.
8.     Arricau-Bouvery N, Rodolakis A. Is Q fever an emerging or re-emerging zoonosis? Veterinary  Research. 2005;36(3):327–49. doi:10.1051/vetres:2005010.
9.     Basanisi MG, La Bella G, Nobili G, Raele DA, Cafiero MA, Coppola R, et al. Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA in sheep and goat milk and dairy products by droplet digital PCR in south Italy. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 2022;366:109583. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109583.
10.     Yohannes G, Mekonen S. Review on Query Fever (Q fever) in Small Ruminants and its Public Health Importance. Biomed Journal Science Technology Research. 2018;3:266–80.doi:10.26717/BJSTR.2018,09,001754.
11.     Navaei H. A review of the epidemiology of Q fever disease in Iran. Journal of Zoonotic Diseases. 2021;5(3):1–7. doi:10.22034/jzd.2021.48437.1129.
12.     Selim A, Ali A-F, Moustafa SM, Ramadan E. Molecular and serological data supporting the role of Q fever in abortions of sheep and goats in northern Egypt. Microbial Pathogenesis. 2018;125:272–5.doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2018.09.034.
13.     Jodełko A, Szymańska-Czerwińska M, Rola JG, Niemczuk K. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in small ruminants and genotyping of specimens collected from goats in Poland. BMC Veterinary Research. 2021;17(1):1–11. doi:10.1186/s12917-021-03051-0.
14.     Mohabati Mobarez A, Khalili M, Mostafavi E, Esmaeili S. Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii infection in aborted samples of domestic ruminants in Iran. PLOS One. 2021;16(4):e0250116. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250116.
15.     de Oliveira JMB, Rozental T, de Lemos ERS, Forneas D, Ortega-Mora LM, Porto WJN, et al. Coxiella burnetii in dairy goats with a history of reproductive disorders in Brazil. Acta Tropica. 2018;183:19–22. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.010.
16.     Bwatota SF, Cook EAJ, de Clare Bronsvoort BM, Wheelhouse N, Hernandez-Castor LE, Shirima GM. Epidemiology of Q-fever in domestic ruminants and humans in Africa. A systematic review. CABI One Health. 2022;1–17. doi:0.1079/cabionehealth.2022.0008.
17.     Esmaeili S, Mobarez AM, Khalili M, Mostafavi E. High prevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii in milk of dairy animals with a history of abortion in Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;63:127–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-019-01807-3.
18.     Mohammed OB, Jarelnabi AA, Aljumaah RS, Alshaikh MA, Bakhiet AO, Omer SA, et al. Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever in Saudi Arabia: molecular detection from camel and other domestic livestock. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2014;7(9):715–9. doi:10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60122-X.
19.     Karagul MS, Malal ME, Akar K. Seroprevalence of Q fever in sheep and goats from the Marmara region, Turkey. Journal Veterinary Research. 2019;63(4):527–32. doi:10.2478/jvetres-2019-0070.
20.     Nokhodian Z, Feizi A, Ataei B, Hoseini SG, Mostafavi E. Epidemiology of Q fever in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis for estimating serological and molecular prevalence. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2017;22:121. doi:10.4103/jrms.JRMS_586_17.
21.     Fournier P-E, Marrie TJ, Raoult D. Diagnosis of Q fever. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1998;36(7):1823–34. doi:10.1128/jcm.36.7.1823-1834.1998
22.     Graves SR, Islam A. Endemic Q fever in New South Wales, Australia: a case series (2005–2013). American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2016;95(1):55.doi:10.4269/ajtmh.15-0828.
23.     Tagesu T. Q Fever in small ruminants and its public health importance. Journal of Dairy &Veterinary Science J. 2019;9:555752. doi:10.19080/JDVS.2019.09.555752.
24.     Cantas H, Muwonge A, Sareyyupoglu B, Yardimci H, Skjerve E. Q fever abortions in ruminants and associated on-farm risk factors in northern Cyprus. BMC Veterinary Research. 2011;7(1):1–7. doi:10.1186/1746-6148-7-13.
25.     Heidari S, Derakhshandeh A, Firouzi R, Ansari-Lari M, Masoudian M, Eraghi V. Molecular detection of Chlamydophila abortus, Coxiella burnetii, and Mycoplasma agalactiae in small ruminants’ aborted fetuses in southern Iran. Tropical Animal Health Production. 2018;50:779–85. doi:10.1007/s11250-017-1494-2.
26.     Jones RM, Twomey DF, Hannon S, Errington J, Pritchard GC, Sawyer J. Detection of Coxiella burnetii in placenta and abortion samples from British ruminants using real‐time PCR. Veterinary Record. 2010;167(25):965–7. doi:10.1136/vr.c4040.  
27.     Robaj A, Krt B, Avberšek J, Ocepek M, Kalaveshi A, Jakupi X, et al. Infectious abortions in small ruminants: Challenges for diagnosis and public health. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Disease. 2021;21(6):475–7. doi:10.1089/vbz.2020.2731.
28.     Derrick EH. “ Q” fever, a new fever entity: clinical features, diagnosis and laboratory investigation. Reviews of infectious diseases. 1983 Jul 1;5(4):790-800.
29.     Guatteo R, Seegers H, Taurel A-F, Joly A, Beaudeau F. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii infection in domestic ruminants: a critical review. Veterinary Microbiology. 2011;149(1–2):1–16.  doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.10.007. 
30.     Dehkordi FS, Rafsanjani MS. Prevalence study of Coxiella burnetii in aborted fetuses of small ruminants in various partum and seasons in Iran. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2012;6(27):5594–5600. doi:10.5897/AJMR11.1266.
31.     Lorestani S, Jaydari A, Maleki S, Khademi P. Genomic detection of Coxiella burnetii in sheep milk samples by Nested-PCR method in Khorramabad, Iran. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2015;13(56):165–71. 
32.     Roshan HM, Saadati D, Najimi M. Molecular detection of Brucella melitensis, Coxiella burnetii, and Salmonella abortusovis in aborted fetuses of Baluchi sheep in Sistan region, south-eastern Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, Shiraz University. 2018;19(2):128. 
33.     Rahravani M, Moravedji M, Mostafavi E, Mohammadi M, Seyfi H, Baseri N, et al. The epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii in small ruminants and their ticks in western Iran. BMC Veterinary Research. 2022;18(1):292. doi:10.1186/s12917-022-03396-0.
34.     Esmaeili S, Mostafavi E, Shahdordizadeh M, Mahmoudi H. A seroepidemiological survey of Q fever among sheep in Mazandaran province, northern Iran. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 2013;20(4):708-710. 
35.     Esmaeili S, Bagheri Amiri F, Mostafavi E. Seroprevalence survey of Q fever among sheep in northwestern Iran. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Disease. 2014;14(3):189–92. doi:10.1089/vbz.2013.1382.
36.     Ezatkhah M, Alimolaei M, Khalili M, Sharifi H. Seroepidemiological study of Q fever in small ruminants from Southeast Iran. Journal of Infection and Public Health. 2015;8(2):170–6.  doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2014.08.009.
37.     Sakhaee E, Khalili M. The first serologic study of Q fever in sheep in Iran. Tropical Animal Health Production. 2010;42:1561–4. doi:10.1007/s11250-010-9606-2.
38.     Dabaja MF, Greco G, Villari S, Vesco G, Bayan A, El Bazzal B, et al. Occurrence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii in domestic ruminants in Lebanon. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Disease. 2019;64:109–16.  doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2019.03.003.
39.     Aljafar A, Salem M, Housawi F, Zaghawa A, Hegazy Y. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Q-fever (C. burnetii infection) among ruminants reared in the eastern region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tropical Animal Health Prod. 2020;52:2631–8. doi:10.1007/s11250-020-02295-6.
40.     Gache K, Rousset E, Perrin JB, De Cremoux R, Hosteing S, Jourdain E, et al. Estimation of the frequency of Q fever in sheep, goat and cattle herds in France: results of a 3-year study of the seroprevalence of Q fever and excretion level of Coxiella burnetii in abortive episodes. Epidemiology & Infection. 2017;145(15):3131–42. doi:10.1017/S0950268817002308.
41.     Knobel DL, Maina AN, Cutler SJ, Ogola E, Feikin DR, Junghae M, et al. Coxiella burnetii in humans, domestic ruminants, and ticks in rural western Kenya. The American Journal of  Tropical Medicine Hygiene. 2013;88(3):513. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0169.
42.     Lafi SQ, Talafha AQ, Abu-Dalbouh MA, Hailat RS, Khalifeh MS. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in goats and sheep in northern Jordan. Tropical Animal Health and Production. 2020;52:1553–9. doi:10.1007/s11250-019-02153-0.
43.     Mohabbati Mobarez A, Bagheri Amiri F, Esmaeili S. Seroprevalence of Q fever among human and animal in Iran; A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017;11(4):e0005521. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005521.
44.     Van den Brom R, Moll L, Van Schaik G, Vellema P. Demography of Q fever seroprevalence in sheep and goats in The Netherlands in 2008. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2013;109(1–2):76–82. doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.09.002.
45.     Schimmer B, Luttikholt S, Hautvast JLA, Graat EAM, Vellema P, van Duynhoven YTHP. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Q fever in goats on commercial dairy goat farms in the Netherlands, 2009-2010. BMC Veterinary Research. 2011;7(1):1–14.  doi:/10.1186/1746-6148-7-81.
46.     Larson PS, Espira L, Grabow C, Wang CA, Muloi D, Browne AS, et al. The sero‐epidemiology of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) across livestock species and herding contexts in Laikipia County, Kenya. Zoonoses and Public Health. 2019;66(3):316–24.  doi:10.1111/zph.12567.
47.     Kennerman E, Rousset E, Gölcü E, Dufour P. Seroprevalence of Q fever (coxiellosis) in sheep from the Southern Marmara Region, Turkey. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2010;33(1):37–45. doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2008.07.007.
48.     Johnson SAM, Kaneene JB, Asare‐Dompreh K, Tasiame W, Mensah IG, Afakye K, et al. Seroprevalence of Q fever in cattle, sheep and goats in the Volta region of Ghana. Veterinary Medicine Science. 2019;5(3):402–11. doi: 10.1002/vms3.160.
49.     Kreizinger Z, Szeredi L, Bacsadi Á, Nemes C, Sugár L, Varga T, et al. Occurrence of Coxiella burnetii and Chlamydiales species in abortions of domestic ruminants and in wild ruminants in Hungary, Central Europe. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2015;27(2):206–10. doi:10.1177/1040638714563566.
50.     Ullah Q, Jamil H, Qureshi ZI, Saqib M, Neubauer H. Sero-Epidemiology of Q Fever (coxiellosis) in Small Ruminants Kept at Government Livestock Farms of Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal Zoological. 2019;51(1). doi:10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.1.135.140.
51.     Klemmer J, Njeru J, Emam A, El-Sayed A, Moawad AA, Henning K, et al. Q fever in Egypt: Epidemiological survey of Coxiella burnetii specific antibodies in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats and camels. PLoS One. 2018;13(2):e0192188. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192188.
52.     Alamerew EA, Yitagesu E, Areaya A, Aydefruhim D. Apparent prevalence of brucellosis, Q-fever and toxoplasmosis in aborted goats at North Shoa, Ethiopia. EUREKA Life Science.  2022;(5):28–37. doi:10.21303/2504-5695.2022.002611.
53.     Pandit P, Hoch T, Ezanno P, Beaudeau F, Vergu E. Spread of Coxiella burnetii between dairy cattle herds in an enzootic region: Modelling contributions of airborne transmission and trade. Veterinary Research. 2016;47(1):1–16. doi:10.1186/s13567-016-0330-4.
54.     Firdaus Abdullah Jesse F, Paul BT, Hashi HA, Chung ELT, Abdurrahim NA, Azmi Mohd Lila M. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Q fever in small ruminant flocks in selected States of Peninsular Malaysia. The Thai Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2020;50(4):511–7. 
55.     Ruiz-Fons F, Astobiza I, Barandika JF, Hurtado A, Atxaerandio R, Juste RA, et al. Seroepidemiological study of Q fever in domestic ruminants in semi-extensive grazing systems. BMC Veterinary Research. 2010;6(1):1–6. doi:10.1186/1746-6148-6-3.
56.     Kayedi MH, Mokhayeri H, Birjandi M, Chegeni-Sharafi A, Esmaeili S, Mostafavi E. Seroepidemiological study of Q fever in Lorestan province, western Iran, 2014. Iranian Journal Microbiology. 2017;9(4):213.
57.     Afrisham S, Golchin M, Mohammadi E, Eskandarzadeh N, Shamshirgaran MA. Prevalence of Chlamydia abortus infection in aborted sheep and goats in Kerman province, southeast of Iran. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2023;15(3):42-7. doi:10.22067/IJVST.2023.82794.1263.