بررسی تأثیر بیوچار بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک تحت کشت کینوا در شرایط تنش آبی و شوری

آب و خاک

مقاله 5، دوره 38، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 93، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1403، صفحه 69-85   

نوع مقاله: مقالات پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jsw.2024.83859.1322

نویسندگان

ام البنین توراج زاده¹؛ حلیمه پیری^{* 1}؛ امیر ناصرین²؛ محمدمهدی چاری¹

¹گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده آب و خاک، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

²گروه مهندسی آب، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان ملاثانی، ملاثانی، ایران

چکیده

استفاده مناسب و کاربردی از ضایعات کشاورزی موجب کاهش فشار بر محیط‌زیست خواهد شد. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثرات بیوچار در شرایط تنش آبی و شوری آب آبیاری بر ویژگی­های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک انجام شد. آزمایش در شرایط گلخانه به­صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورها شامل آب آبیاری (60، 80 و 100 درصد نیاز آبی گیاه به­ترتیب، I₁، I₂ و I₃)، بیوچار تهیه شده از درختان جنگلی شمال در دمای 300 درجه سلسیوس (صفر، 2 و 4 درصد جرمی خاک گلدان به‌ترتیب B1، B2 و B3) و کیفیت آب (با قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی 1، 4 و 7 دسی‌زیمنس بر متر به‌ترتیب S1، S2 و S3) بود. گلدان­ها به­صورت یک روز در میان توزین شده و کمبود آب تا حد رطوبت زراعی براساس تغییرات جرم گلدان محاسبه شد. بعد از پایان فصل کشت کینوا (برداشت نیمه اول فروردین 1401)، برای بررسی اثر بیوچار بر میزان عناصر غذایی خاک و برخی ویژگی­های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک در شرایط تنش آبی و شوری آب آبیاری، نمونه­برداری از خاک هر گلدان انجام شد. نمونه­ها به آزمایشگاه منتقل و ویژگی­های جرم مخصوص ظاهری و حقیقی، pH و شوری خاک، درصد نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم قابل جذب در آزمایشگاه اندازه­گیری شد. نتایج نشان داد مقدار بیوچار، آب آبیاری و شوری آب و اثرات متقابل آن­ها در سطح احتمال یک و پنج درصد بر ویژگی­های اندازه­گیری شده تأثیر معنی­داری داشت. افزودن 2 و 4 درصد جرمی بیوچار به خاک سبب افزایش مقدار فسفر (به­ترتیب 35 و60 درصد)، پتاسیم (57 و 61 درصد)، نیتروژن (83 و 91 درصد)، pH (13 و 13 درصد) و قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی خاک (EC) (13 و 57 درصد) شد. جرم مخصوص حقیقی خاک با افزودن 2 و 4 درصد جرمی بیوچار به خاک به‌ترتیب 13 و 21 درصد و جرم مخصوص ظاهری به‌ترتیب 11 و 22 درصد کاهش یافت. کاهش عمق آب آبیاری و افزایش شوری آب باعث افزایش مقدار فسفر، پتاسیم، نیتروژن، pH و EC خاک شد. مقدار آب آبیاری تأثیر معنی­داری بر جرم مخصوص ظاهری و حقیقی نداشت اما شوری آب آبیاری سبب افزایش معنی­دار جرم خصوص ظاهری و حقیقی خاک شد. اگر چه افزایش بیوچار به خاک باعث افزایش عناصر غذایی مورد نیاز گیاه در خاک شد اما با توجه به این­که افزودن این ماده آلی به خاک در سطوح زیاد سبب افزایش قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی خاک می­شود لذا استفاده از مقادیر زیاد بیوچار در خاک باید با احتیاط انجام شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

پتاسیم؛ جرم مخصوص ظاهری؛ فسفر؛ قابلیت هدایت الکتریکی؛ نیتروژن

مراجع

1. Abel, S., Peters, A., Trinks, S., Schonsky, H., Facklam, M., & Wessolek, G. (2013). Impact of biochar and hydrochar addition on water retention and water repellency of sandy soil. Geoderma, 202–203:183–191. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.03.003
2. Abrishamkesh, S., Gorji, M., Asadi, H., Bagheri-Marandi, G., & Pourbabaee, A. (2015). Effects of rice husk biochar application on the properties of alkaline soil and lentil growth. Plant Soil and Environment, 61, 475-482. (In Persian with English abstract)
3. Agegnehu, G., Bass, A.M., Nelson, P.N., & Bird, M.I. (2016). Benefits of biochar, compost and biochar–compost for soil quality: maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions in a tropical agricultural soil. Science of the Total Environment, 543, 295-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.054
4. Akhtar, S.S., Andersen, M.N., & Liu, F. (2015). Biochar mitigates salinity stress in potato. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 5, 368- 378. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12132
5. Algosaibi, A.M., El-Garawany, M.M., Badran, A.E., & Almadini, A.M. (2015). Effect of irrigation water salinity on the growth of Quinoa plant seedlings. Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(8), 205. https://doi.org/10.5539/ jas.v7n8p205
6. Bhupindar, S.S. (2014). Nanothechnology in agri- food production: an overview. Nanotechnology science and applications. India. www.Dovepress. 7:31-53.
7. Blanco-Canqui, H. (2017). Biochar and soil physical properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 81(4), 687-711. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2017.01.0017
8. Bremner, J.M. (1996). Nitrogen total. In: Methods of Soil Analysis. D. L. Sparks et al. (eds) part III, 3rd ed. Am. Soc. Agron. Inc., Madison, WI. Pp. 1085-1122.
9. Brodowski, S., Amelung, W., Haumaier, L., & Zech, W. (2007). Black carbon contribution to stable humus in German arable soils. Geoderma, 139, 220–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.02.004
10. Busscher, W., Novak, J.M., & Ahmedna, M. (2011). Physical effects of organic matter amendment of a southeastern US coastal loamy sand. Soil Science Society of American Journal, 176, 661-667. https://doi.org/10.1097/ SS.0b013e3182357ca9
11. Cheng, C.H., Lehmann, J., Thies, J.E., & Burton, S.D. (2008). Stability of black carbon in soils across a climatic gradient. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences, 113, 10.
12. Chintala, R., Mollinedo, J., Schumacher, T.E., Papiernik, S.K., Malo, D.D., Clay, D.E., Kumar, S., & Gulbrandson, D.W. (2013). Nitrate sorption and desorption in biochars from fast pyrolysis. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 179, 250-257.
13. Chintala, R., Mollinedo, J., Schumacher, T.E., Malo, D.D., & Julson, J.L. (2014). Effect of biochar on chemical properties of acidic soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 60, 393-404.
14. Dabhi, R., Bhatt, N., & Pandit, B. (2013). Super absorbent polymersan innovative water saving technique for optimizing crop yield. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 10, 5333-5340.
15. Deoband Hafeshjani, L., Naseri, A., Houshmand, A., Abbasi, F., & Soltani Mohammadi, A. (2016). Investigating the effect of sugarcane bagasse biochar on the chemical properties of a sandy loam soil. Journal of Irrigation Science and Engineering, 40, 72-63. (In Persian with English abstract)
16. Devereux, R.C., Sturrock, C.J., & Mooney, S.J. (2013). The effects of biochar on soil physical properties and winter wheat growth. Journal of Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 103(1), 13-18.
17. Domene, X., Mattana, S., Hanley, K., Enders, A., & Lehmann, J. (2014). Medium -term effects of corn biochar addition on soil biota activities and functions in a temperate soil cropped to corn. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 72, 152-162.
18. Downie, A., Crosky, A., & Munroe, P. (2009). Physical properties of biochar. pp. 13- 32. In Lehmann J. and S. Joseph (Eds). Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology. Earthscan: London, UK.
19. Elewa, T.A., Sadak, M.S., & Saad, A.M. (2017). Proline treatment improves physiological responses in quinoa plants under drought stress. Bioscience Research, 14(1), 21-33.
20. Fathi Gerdelidani, A., & Mirseyed, H. (2015). Different aspects of biocurrent effects in improving soil quality. International Conference on Applied Research in Agriculture, Tehran, 22 May: 1-12. (In Persian with English abstract)
21. Forohar, M., Khorasani, R., Fototvat, A., Shariat-Madari, H., & Khavazi, K. (2017). The effect of different biochars and their raw materials on some soil chemical properties and nutrients over time in a calcareous soil. Water and Soil Journal, 32(2), 299-312. (In Persian with English abstract)
22. Ghorbani, M., & Amir Ahmadi, A. (2017). The effect of rice husk biochar on some soil physical properties and corn growth in a loamy soil. Journal of Soil Research, 32(3), 306-319. (In Persian with English abstract)
23. Gopal, M., Gupta, A., Hameed, K.S., Sathyaseelan, N., Rajeela, T.K., & Thomas, G.V. (2020). Biochars produced from coconut palm biomass residues can aid regenerative agriculture by improving soil properties and plant yield in humid tropics. Biochar, 2, 211-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-020-00043-5
24. Guvili, A., Mousavi, A.A., & Kamkar Haghighi, A. (2016). Effect of cattle manure biochar and moisture stress on growth characteristics and spinach water use efficiency in greenhouse conditions. Water Research in Agriculture, 30(2), 259-243. (In Persian with English abstract)
25. Hardie, M., Clothier, B., Bound, S., Oliver, G., & Close, D. (2014). Does biochar influence soil physical properties and soil water availability? Plant Soil, 376, 347–361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1980-x
26. Hasanpour, E., Shirvani, M., Haj Abbasi, M.A., & Majidi, M.M. (2022). Acidic biochars on some chemical characteristics and ability to absorb nutrients of calcareous soils. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences, 26(2), 39-59. (In Persian with English abstract)
27. HE, L.L., Zhong, Z.K., & Yang, H.M. (2017). Effects on soil quality of biochar and straw amendment in conjunction with chemical fertilizers. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16(3), 704-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61420-X
28. Hirich, A., Choukr, R., & Jacobsen, S. (2013). The combined effect of deficit irrigation by treated wastewater and organic amendment on quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) productivity. Journal Desalination and Water Treatment, 25, 2208-2213.
29. Hosseini, M., Movahedi Naeini, S.A., & Bameri, A. (2015). The effect of different tillage methods on the amount of available potassium in soils with different extractants in a soil with high specific surface area. Water and Soil, 4, 966-979. (In Persian with English abstract)
30. Ibrahim, O.M., Bakry, A.B., El Kramany, M.F., & Elewa, T.A. (2015). Evaluating the role of biochar application under two levels of water requirements on wheat production under sandy soil conditions. Global Journal of Advanced Research, 2(2), 411-418.
31. Kang, J., Hesterberg, D., & Osmond, D.L. (2008). Soil organic matter effects on phosphorus sorption: A path analysis. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 73, 360-366
32. Karmaka, S., Lague, C., Agnew, J., & Landry, H. (2007). Integrated decision support system (DSS) for manure management. Computers and Electronics, 57, 190-201. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0113
33. Knowles, O., Robinson, B., Contangelo, A., & Clucas, L.(2011). Biochar for the mitigation of nitrate leaching from soil amended with biosolids. Science of the Total Environment, 409, 3206 -3210.
34. Kumar, S., Masto, RE., Ram, LC., Sarkar, P., George, J., & Selvi, VA. (2013). Biochar preparation from Parthenium hysterophorus and its potential use in soil application. Ecological Engineering, 55, 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ecoleng.2013.02.011
35. Laird, D.A., Fleming, P.D., Karlen, D.L., Wang, B., & Horton, R. (2010). Biochar impact on nutrient leaching from a Midwestern agricultural soil. Geoderma, 158, 436–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.05.012
36. Lehmann, J., & Joseph, S. (2009). Biochar for environmental management- an introduction. In: Lehmann J. and Joseph S. (Eds). Biochar for environmental management: Science and Technology. Earthscan, London, pp. 1–11.
37. Liang, B., Lehmann, J., Solomon, D., Kinyangi, J., Grossman, J., O’Neill, B., Skjemstad, J.O., Theis, J., Luizao, F.J., Peterson, J., & Neves, E.G. (2006). Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 70, 1719–1730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2009.09.007
38. Lim, T., Spokas, K., Feyereisen, G., & Novak, J. (2016). Predicting the impact of biochar additions on soil hydraulic properties. Chemosphere, 142, 136-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.069
39. Luo, C., Deng, Y., Inubushi, K., Liang, J., Zhu, S., Wei, Z., Guo, X., & Luo, X., (2018). Sludge biochar amendment and alfalfa revegetation improve soil physicochemical properties and increase diversity of soil microbes in soils from a rare earth element mining wasteland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050965
40. Mahmoodabadi, M. (2018). Investigating the effect of sequential application of organic matter and irrigation with sodium water on the size distribution of secondary soil particles. Environmental Erosion Research, 15, 24. (In Persian with English abstract)
41. Major, J., Rondon, M., Molina, D., Riha, S.J., & Lehmann, J. (2010). Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombian savanna oxisol. Plant and Soil, 333, 117–128. (In Persian with English abstract)
42. Mensah, A.K., & Frimpong, K.A. (2018). Biochar and/or compost applications improve soil properties, growth, and yield of maize grown in acidic rainforest and coastal savannah soils in Ghana. International Journal of Agronomy, 7, 1-8.
43. Mir, A., Piri, H., & Naserin, A. (2021). The effects of different levels of wheat biochar and water stress on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of Carla (bitter melon) in pots. Water Research in Agriculture, 35(2), 170-185. (In Persian with English abstract)
44. Mokami, A., Yazdan-Panah, N., & Saidenjad, A.H. (2022). The effect of using vermicompost and biochar on the morpho-physiological characteristics of quinoa under drought stress conditions. Iran Water and Soil Research, 53(1), 130-140. (In Persian with English abstract)
45. Mukherjee, A., & Zimmerman, A.R. (2013). Organic carbon and nutrient release from a range of laboratory produced biochars and biochar-soil mixtures. Geoderma, 194, 122-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.10.002
46. Najafi Ghairi, M. (2014). The effect of using different biochars on some soil characteristics and the ability to absorb some nutrients in a calcareous soil. Journal of Soil Research, 29(3), 351-358. (In Persian with English abstract)
47. Najafi Ghiri, M., Abtahi, A., Owliaie, H.R., Hashemi, S.S., & Koohkan, H. (2011). Factors affecting potassium pools distribution in highly calcareous soils of southern Iran. Arid land Research and Management, 25, 313-327. (In Persian with English abstract)
48. Najafi Ghiri, M., Bostani, H., & Mahmoudi, A. (2017). The effect of the remains of three plant species and their biochar on some characteristics and potassium status of a calcareous soil. Soil and Water Science Research Journal, 32(1), 25-36. (In Persian with English abstract)
49. Negaresh, H., & Latifi, L. (2018). The origin of wind deposits in the east of Zabol through morphoscopy and physical and chemical analysis of sediments. Geography and Environmental Planning, 20(1), 1-22. (In Persian with English abstract)
50. Nelissen, V., Rütting, T., Huygens, D., Staelens, J., Ruysschaert, G., & Boeckx, P. (2012). Maize biochars accelerate short-term soil nitrogen dynamics in a loamy sand soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 55, 20-27. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.05.019
51. Netondo, G.F., Onyango, J.C., & Beck, E. (2004). Sorghum and salinity: II. Gasexchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of sorghum under salt stress. Crop Science, 44, 806–811. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.7970
52. Olsen, S.R., and Sommers, L.E. (1990). Phosphorus. P 403-431. In: A.L. Page (ed), Method of soil analysis. Part 2. 2nd agron Monoger., ASA, Madison, WI.
53. Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., & Keeney, D.R. (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties. American Society of Agronomy. In Soil Science Society of America, 1159.
54. Piri, H., Naserin, A., & Albalasmeh, A. (2022). Interactive effects of deficit irrigation and vermicompost on yield, quality, and irrigation water use efficiency of greenhouse cucumber. Journal of Arid Land, 14(11), 1274-1292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-022-0035-7
55. Rahimi-Alashti, S., Bahmanyar, M.A., Qajarspanlou, M., Sadegh-Zadeh, F., & Khodsi-Bidgoli, A. (2021). The effect of the use of some organic and inorganic amendments on the amount of high-use and low-use elements of the soil under quinoa cultivation under water stress conditions. Soil Management and Sustainable Production, 11(2), 25-48. (In Persian with English abstract)
56. Rajabi, H. (2014). Effect of pistachio residue, sewage black mud, and chemical fertilizer on bio- provision and nitrogen and phosphorus absorption by spinach. Master Thesis. Shiraz University.
57. Rezaei, N., Rezaghi, F., Sepaskhah, A., & Mousavi, A. (2017). The effect of biochar and irrigation water salinity on chemical properties of soil under bean cultivation. Journal of Soil and Water Science Research, 32(1), 13-24. (In Persian with English abstract)
58. Robbiani, Z. (2013). Hydrothermal carbonization of biowaste/fecal sludge. Lappeenranta University of Technology, 41, 1-71.
59. Shirmardi, M., & Tofighi, H. (2014). Effect of organic matter on phosphorus stabilization kinetics in several different soils. Iranian Soil and Water Research, 46, 567-577. (In Persian with English abstract)
60. Singh, B.P., Hatton, B.J., Singh, B., Cowie, A.L., & Kathuria, A. (2010). Influence of biochars on nitrous oxide emission and nitrogen leaching from two contrasting soils. Journal of Environmental Quality, 39(4), 1224–1235.
61. Sohi, S., Krull, E., Lopez-Capel, E., & Bol, R. (2010). A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Advances in Agronomy, 105, 47-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(10)05002-9
62. Sun, H., Shi, W., Zhou, M., Ma, X., & Zhang, H. (2019). Effect of biochar on nitrogen use efficiency, grain yield and amino acid content of wheat cultivated on saline soil. Plant, Soil and Environment, 65, 83-89.
63. Telahigue, D.C., Yahia, L.B., Aljane, F., Belhouchett, K., & Toumi, L. (2017). Grain yield, biomass productivity and water use efficiency in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) under drought stress. Journal of Scientific Agriculture, 1, 222-232. (In Persian with English abstract)
64. Thaghafi, F., Qanei-Bafghi, M.J., & Shirmardi, M. (2021). The effect of palm tree waste biochar on element concentration, sodium absorption ratio and some physical properties of saline soil. Desert Ecosystem Engineering, 10(31), 85-94. (In Persian with English abstract)
65. Van Zwieten, L., Kimber, S., Morris, S., Chan, K., Downie, A., Rust, J., Joseph, S., & Cowie, A. (2010). Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant and Soil, 327, 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-009-0050-x
66. Walkey, A., & Black, I.A.(1934). An examination of the Degtjareeff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37, 29-38.
67. Wang, L., Xue, C., Nie, X., Liu, Y., & Chen, F. (2018). Effects of biochar application on soil potassium dynamics and crop uptake. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 181, 635-643. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201700528
68. Waraich, E.A., Ahmad, R.M., Saifullah, Y., & Ashraf, E. (2011). Role of mineral nutrition in alleviation of drought stress in plants. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 6, 764-777.
69. Westeman, R.E.L. (1990). Soil testing and plant analysis. SSSA, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. 784p.
70. Yao, F.X., Arbestain, M.C., Virgel, S.F., Blanco, Arostegui, J.J., Macia-Agullo, A., & Macias, F. (2009). Simulated geochemical weathering of a mineral ash-rich biochar in amodified Soxhlet reactor. Chemosphere, 80, 724–732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.026
71. Yuan, J.H., Xu, R.K., & Zhang, H. (2011). The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures. Bioresource Technology, 102(3), 3488-3497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.11.018
72. Zahoor, R., Dong, H., Abid, M., Zhao, W., Wang, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2017). Potassium fertilizer improves drought stress alleviation potential in cotton by enhancing photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 137, 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2017.02.002
73. Zhang, M., Fan, C.H., Li, Q.L., Li, B., Zhu, Y.Y., & Xiong, Z.Q. (2015). A 2-yr field assessment of the effects of chemical and biological nitrification inhibitors on nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen use efficiency in an intensively managed vegetable cropping system. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 201, 43-50. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.12.003
74. Zhang, M., Riaz, M., Liu, B., Xia, H., El-Desouki, Z., & Jiang, C. (2020). Two-year study of biochar: Achieving excellent capability of potassium supply via alter clay mineral composition and potassium-dissolving bacteria activity. Science of the Total Environment, 717, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137286
75. Zolfi Bavariani, M., Ronaghi, A., Karimian, N., Ghasemi, W., & Yatharbi, J. (2015). The effect of biochar prepared from chicken manure at different temperatures on the chemical characteristics of a calcareous soil. Journal of Water and Soil Sciences, 20(75), 73-84. (In Persian with English abstract)