ارزیابی رقابت بین گیاه زراعی ماش (Vigna radiata) و علف‌هرز سلمه‌تره (Chenopodium album) تحت تأثیر گرد و خاک

پژوهش‌های حبوبات ایران

دوره 14، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 28، دی 1402، صفحه 277-302   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/ijpr.2024.81901.1055

نویسندگان

فریده شادیوند؛ علیرضا تاب^* ؛ اخلاص امینی؛ سمیه حاجی نیا

گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایلام، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور بررسی رقابت بین ماش (Vigna radiata) و سلمه‌تره (Chenopodium album) تحت تأثیر گرد و خاک، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه کاملاً تصادفی با چهار تکرار در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ایلام در بهار سال 1401 انجام شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل گرد و خاک در دو سطح (صفر و 60 گرم گرد و خاک در مترمکعب هوا) و الگوی کاشت جایگزینی در پنج سطح (تک‌کشتی ماش و سلمه‌تره، کشت مخلوط جایگزینی 75 درصد ماش + 25 درصد سلمه‌تره، 50 درصد ماش + 50 درصد سلمه‌تره و 25 درصد ماش + 75 درصد سلمه‌تره) بودند. صفات مورد بررسی شامل پارامترهای فتوسنتزی، رنگیزه‌های فتوسنتزی، ارتفاع بوته، سطح برگ، اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد دانه ماش و وزن گل‌آذین سلمه‌تره بودند. نتایج نشان داد که گرد و خاک تأثیری بر خصوصیات مورفو- فیزیولوژیکی علف‌هرز سلمه‌تره نداشت. گرد و خاک سرعت فتوسنتز، مقدار رطوبت نسبی برگ، سطح برگ، ارتفاع بوته، تعداد غلاف در بوته، عملکرد بیولوژیکی و عملکرد دانه ماش را به‌ترتیب 1/26، 7/9، 6/10، 3/19، 8/14، 24 و 2/23 درصد کاهش داد. بیشترین مقدار کلروفیل برگ ماش (65/4 میلی‌گرم بر گرم وزن تر برگ) در الگوهای کاشت 75 درصد ماش + 25 درصد سلمه‌تره و کشت خالص ماش تحت شرایط بدون گرد و خاک به‌دست آمد. بیشترین سرعت فتوسنتز، سرعت تعرق، سطح برگ و تعداد غلاف در بوته ماش در کشت خالص و الگوی کاشت 75 درصد ماش + 25 درصد سلمه‌تره مشاهده شد. تحت هر دو شرایط گرد و خاک در همه الگوهای کاشت، عملکرد واقعی ماش کمتر از عملکرد مورد انتظار بود و منحنی تغییرات عملکرد ماش به‌صورت مقعر بود؛ امّا عملکرد واقعی سلمه‌تره بیشتر از عملکرد مورد انتظار بود و منحنی به‌صورت محدب و نشان‌دهنده روابط سودبری یک‌جانبه برای سلمه‌تره و زیانبری یک‌جانبه برای ماش بود. ضریب تراکم نسبى و نسبت رقابت تحت هر دو شرایط گرد و خاک در الگوهای مختلف کاشت برای علف‌هرز سلمه‌تره بیشتر از یک به‌دست آمد؛ که نشان‌دهنده برتری قدرت رقابتی سلمه‌‍‌تره در مقایسه با ماش است. شاخص غالبیت سلمه‌تره تحت شرایط گرد و خاک بیشتر از شرایط بدون گرد و خاک است که نشان می‌دهد، تحت شرایط تنش‌های محیطی از جمله گرد و خاک، علف‌هرز سلمه‌تره از قدرت رقابتی بیشتری برخوردار است؛ بنابراین کنترل و مدیریت علف‌هرز سلمه‌تره در گیاهان زراعی به‌ویژه ماش تحت شرایط گرد و خاک بسیار حائز اهمیت است. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

الگوی کاشت؛ ریزگرد؛ سرعت فتوسنتز؛ شاخص‌های رقابتی؛ عملکرد نسبی

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