An Analysis of the Components of the Voluntary Ṭawāf Performed While Mounted

فقه و اصول (Fiqh va uṣūl)

Article 7, Volume 57, Issue 1 - Serial Number 140, May 2025, Pages 157-181   

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.22067/jfiqh.2024.85971.1710

Author

Mahdie Ghanizade^*

Assistant Professor, Department of Fiqh and Foundations of Islamic Law, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

Abstract

Ṭawāf around the Kaʿaba is one of the important pillars of the ḥajj ritual, and it is especially important that it is conducted correctly. One of the issues regarding Ṭawāf is whether stepping is essential to this ritual. In other words, the question is whether performing Ṭawāf while mounted, voluntarily and without any necessity is acceptable. An analysis of jurisprudential texts reveals a conflict of opinions regarding this issue, casting doubt on the validity of such practice. This is while electric scooters are used currently to perform Ṭawāf. Given the lack of scholarship, clarifying the rules is necessary. The present study employs the descriptive-analytical approach and analyzes the components of voluntary Ṭawāf while mounted. The findings depict that mounted Ṭawāf is an instance of Ṭawāf performed with assistance (ṭawāf bil-istiʿānah). Since the obligation of Ṭawāf entails personal execution (mubāshirat), performing it while mounted voluntarily and without excuse cannot be considered valid or discharging of religious responsibility.

Keywords

mounted Ṭawāf; voluntary; components; direct performance (binnafsih); assisted performance (bil-istiʿānah)

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