A Jurisprudential and Legal Analysis of the Nullification of the Purpose of Contract Formation

فقه و اصول (Fiqh va uṣūl)

Article 2, Volume 56, Issue 1 - Serial Number 136, June 2024, Pages 37-64   

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.22067/jfiqh.2023.80302.1509

Authors

Seyyed Hossein Tahami¹; Sayyed Mohammad Mahdi Qabuli Dorafshan^{* 2}; Saeed Mohseni³; Azam Ansari⁴

¹PhD Graduate, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

²Associate Professor,Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

³Associate Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

⁴Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Civil Law does not include a specific provision regarding the nullification of the purpose of contract formation, and jurisprudential sources have not addressed the issue explicitly either. The present research applies the descriptive-analytical method and aims at analyzing this issue from a jurisprudential and legal standpoint, in order to answer the question whether a general theory can be formulated regarding the impact of nullification of the purpose of contract formation. The findings of the study illustrate that there are instances in jurisprudence, within certain contracts including lease agreements, gardening partnerships (musāqāt), etc., where it can be argued that nullification of the purpose of contract formation has been exemplified. Since the aforementioned instances are not specific, they can be generalized and analyzed within the framework of the theory of nullification of the purpose of contract formation. According to this theory and in respect to the impacts of nullification of the purpose of contract formation, a guarantee of performing dissolution and the establishment of the right to dissolution can be presented within specific frameworks and conditions. However, in exercising the right to dissolve, compensation for the other party’s loss must also be considered.

Keywords

fundamental purposes of contract formation; nullification of the subject of contract; nullification of the purpose of contract; transaction direction

References

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Mukhtalif al-Shīʿa fī al-Aḥkām al-Sharīʻa. Qum: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Duvvum, 1993/1413.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Qawāʾid al-Aḥkām fī Maʿrifa al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum:  Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1993/1413.

Anṣārī, Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad Amīn. Kitāb-i al-Makāsib. Qum: Kungirah-yi Jahānī Buzurgdāsht Shaykh Aʿẓam Anṣārī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1415.

Baḥr al-ʻUlūm, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Taqī. Bulghat al-Faqīh. Tehran: Maktaba al-Ṣādiq. Chāp-i Chāhārum, 1983/1403.

Bujnūrdī, Ḥasan. al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhīyah. Qum: al-Hādī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1998/1419.

Dārāʾī, Muḥammad Hādī. “Muṭāliʻih-yi Taṭbīqī Maʿādhīr Ijrāy Qarārdād dar Ḥuqūq England, America and Irān”,  Muṭāliʻāt Ḥuqūq Taṭbīqī. Durih-yi 6, no. 1, spring and summer  2016/1394, 107-150.

Fayyāḍ, Muḥammad Isḥāq. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. s.l. s.n. s.d.

Fāżil Lankarānī, Muḥammad. Tafṣīl al-Sharīʻa; al-Muḍāriba, al-Shirka, al-Muzāri ʿa, al-Musāqāt, al-Dīn, … Qum: Markaz-i Fiqhī  Aʾimah Aṭhār(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 2004/1425.

Ghafārī Fārsānī, Bihnām. “Muntafī Shudan Jahat Muʿāmalah  va Athar ān bar Ravābt-i Qarārdādī Muṭāliʻih-yi Taṭbīqī  dar Ḥuqūq Irān va America”, Muṭāliʻāt Ḥuqūq Khuṣūṣī. no. 13, spring2010/1389, 219-238.

Gulpāygānī, Muḥammad Riḍā. Hidāya al-ʻAbād . Qum: Dār al-Qurān-i Karīm. Chāp-i Awwal, 1993/1413.

Ḥakīm, Muḥsin. Mustamsak al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā. Qum: Dār al-Tafsīr. Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1416.

Hāshimī Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. Buḥūth fī al-Fiqh al-Zirāʿī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Dāyrah al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī bar Madhhab-i Ahl-i Bayt(AS). Chāp-i Awwal, 2005/1426.

Imāmī, Sayyid Ḥasan. Ḥuqūq-i Madanī. Tehran: Kitābfurūshī Islāmīyyah. 1998/1376,

Isfahānī, Abū al-Ḥasan. al-Wasīlah al-Najāt. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Imām Khumaynī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2001/1422.

Isfahānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. al-Ijāra. Qum: Daftar Intishārāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1989/1409.

Jaʻfarī  Langirūdī, Muḥammad Jaʻfar. Tirmīnūlūzhī Ḥuqūq. Tehran: Kitābkhānah Ganj-i Dānish. Chāp-i  Sī va Duvvum, 2021/1399.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. al-Mustanad fī Sharḥ al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā; al-Ijārah. s.l. s.n. s.d.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Mausūʿat al-Imām al-Khūʾī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Iḥyāʾ Āsār al-Imām al-Khūʾī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1997/1418.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Qum: Madīnah al-ʻIlm. Chāp-i Bist va Hashtum, 1990/1410.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Miṣbāḥ al-Faqāhah. s.l. s.n. s.d.

Khūʾī, Muḥammad Taqī.  al-Shurūṭ aw al-Iltizāmāt al-Tabʿīyah fī al-ʻUqūd. Beirut: Dār al-Muwarakh al-ʻArabī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1994/1414.

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah. Qum: Dār al-ʻIlm. Chāp-i Awwal, s.d.

Māmaqānī, Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn  ʻAbd Allah. Ghāya al-Āmāl fī Sharḥ Kitāb al-Makāsib. Qum: Majmʻ  al-Dhakhāʾir al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1898/1316.

Masʿūdī Tafrishī, Bābak. Jahat Muʿāmalah Muqāyisih ān bā  Tiʾūrī ʿIlat va Naẓarīyih-yi Khunthā Shudan Hadaf, Master Thesis, Supervisor: Ḥasan ʿAlī Darūdīyān, Tehran: University of Tehran, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, 1997/1375.

Mīr Aḥmadīyān, Nargis. Muntafī Shudan Jahat Muʿāmalah  va Athar ān bar Ravābt-i Qarārdādī, Master Thesis, Supervisor: Rāżīyih ʿAbd  al-Ṣamad, Isfahān: Faculty of Law and Theology, Shahid Ashrafi Isfahāni University, 2019/1397.

Mughnīyah, Muḥammad Javād. Fiqh al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (AS). Qum: Anṣārīyān. Chāp-i Duvvum, 2001/1421.

Muḥaqqiq Dāmād, Sayyid Muṣṭafā. Naẓarīyah-yi ʿUmūmī Shurūṭ va Iltizāmāt dar Ḥuqūq-i Islāmī. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i ʿUlum Islāmī. Chāp-i Panjum, 2017/1395.

Muḥaqqiq Dāmād, Sayyid Muṣṭafā. Qawāʾid Fiqh. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i ʿUlum Islāmī. Chāp-i Davāzdahum, 1986/1406.

Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām fī Masāʾil al-Ḥalāl wa al-Ḥarām. Qum: Ismāʻīlīyān. Chāp-i Duvvum, 1988/1408.

Muḥaqqiq Karakī, ʿAlī ibn Ḥusayn. al-Rasāʾil al-Muḥaqqiq al-Karakī. Qum: Kitābkhānah-yi Āyat Allāh Marʻashī Najafī.  Chāp-i Awwal, 1998/1419.

Musawī Bujnūrdī, Muḥammad. Qawāʿid Fiqhīyah. s.l. ʿ Urūj. Chāp-i Sivum, 1981/1401.

Nāʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. al-Makāsib wa al-Bayʿ. Qum: Daftar Intishārāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Awwal, 1993/1413.

Nāʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Munya al-Ṭālib fī Ḥāshīya al-Makāsib. Muqarr Najafī Khuwānsārī. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-Muḥammadīya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1994/1373.

Qabūlī Durafshān, Sayyid Muḥammad Mahdī; Saʿīd Muḥsinī. Naẓarīyah-yi ʿUmumī  Buṭān dar Qarārdād-hā. Tehran: Jangal. Chāp-i Awwal, 2013/1391.

Rashtī, Ḥabīb Allāh ibn  Muḥammad ʻAlī. Kitāb-i al-Ijārah. S.l. s.n. 1893/1311.

Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir.  al-Bank a-lā-ribawī fī al-Islām. Beirut: Dār al-Taʻāruf. Chāp-i Haftum, 1981/1401.

Ṣafāʾī, Sayyid Ḥusayn, Qavāʿid ʿUmūmī Qarārdād-hā. Tehran: Mīzān. Chāp-i Yāzdahum, 2010/1389.

Ṣāfī Gulpāygānī, Luṭf Allāh. Hidāya al-ʻAbād.  Qum: Dār al-Qurān-i Karīm. Chāp-i Awwal, 1995/1416.

Ṣāḥib Jawāhir. Muḥammad Ḥasan ibn Bāqir. Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾal-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī.  Chāp-i Haftum, 1984/1404.

Sayfī Māzandarānī, ʻAlī Akbar. Dalīl Taḥrīr al-Wasīlah;al-Waqf. Tehran:  Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Imām Khumaynī. Chāp-i Awwal, 2009/1430.

Shahīd Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn ibn ʿAlī. Masālik al-Afhām ilā Tanqīḥ Sharāʾiʿal-Islām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i Awwal, 1993/1413.

Shahīdī, Mahdī. Tashkīl Qarārdād-hā va Taʿahudāt. Tehran: Majd. Chāp-i Dahum, 2015/1393.

Shirzādkhānī, Murtaḍā. Tasīr Sabab va Jahat dar Aʿmāl Ḥuqūqī, Master Thesis, Supervisor: Asad Allah Imāmī, Qum: University of Qom, Faculty of Humanities, 1998/1377.

Sīstānī, ʿAlī. Minhāj al-Ṣāliḥīn. Qum: Daftar-i Ḥażrat Āyat Allāh Sīstānī. Chāp-i Panjum, 1996/1417.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā. Beirut: Aʻlamī. Chāp-i Duvvum, 1998/1419.

Tahāmī, Sayyid Ḥusayn et al. “Tahlīl-i Ḥuqūqī  va Iqtiṣādī Taʾthīr-i  Bīmārī-hā-yi Pāndimīk bar Ijrāy Taʿahudāt Qarārdādī”, Dū Faṣlnāmih-yi Dānishnāmih-yi Ḥuqūq Iqtiṣādī. Durih-yi 25, no. 2, spring and summer  2023/1401.

Ṭāhirī, Ḥabīb Allāh. Ḥuqūq-i Madanī. Qum: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī. Chāp-i Duvvum, 1997/1418.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmīyah. Tehran: al-Maktaba Murtażawīya li-Iḥyāʾ al-Āsār al-Jaʻfarīya. Chāp-i Sivum, 1959/1378.

Zayn al-Dīn, Muḥammad Amīn. Kalima al-Taqwā. Qum: Sayyid Javād Widā ʿī. Chāp-i Sivum, 1993/1413