Late nationalism and the collapse of development mentality in Afghanistan 2002-2021

پژوهش نامه ایرانی سیاست بین الملل

Article 17, Volume 12, Issue 2 - Serial Number 24, June 2024, Pages 403-435   

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.22067/irlip.2024.81685.1374

Authors

Mohammad Ebrahim Forouzesh¹; a najafzadeh^{* 2}; Vahid Vahid Sinaei³; Morteza Manshadi,⁴

¹PhD in Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad

²Corresponding author: Dr. Mehdi Najafzadeh, Associate Professor of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad [e-mail]

³, Associate Professor of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad [e-mail]

⁴Associate Professor of Political Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad [e-mail]

Abstract

Afghanistan is a country with diverse ethnic minorities that have been in conflict with each other, without much emphasis on nationalism. Lack of social cohesion has led to the dominance of tribal leaders in the country. On the other hand, modern nation-state building has been introduced through the French Revolution and colonization in India. These two ideologies have resulted in a cultural shock, tug of war between tradition and modernity, and violence in Afghanistan. Nationalism, which introduces traditional values into modern clothing, is in conflict with liberalism, which emphasizes post-enlightenment ideology and development in Europe, but has not been able to bring development to Afghanistan. Nationalism has led to division and animosity between the various cultures and ethnic groups in Afghanistan, resulting in social conflicts, weak nationalism, and underdevelopment. Armed uprisings, the emergence of terrorist groups, foreign intervention, the destruction of infrastructure, and the collapse of the developmental mindset are some of the consequences of this underdevelopment. This sociological-historical research aims to answer the question of how the delay in the formation of nationalism affected the development and led to the collapse of the developmental mindset in Afghanistan. The hypothesis is that the delay in the formation of civic nationalism, weak separation of private and public spheres in the eighth constitutional law, lack of historical background to liberal teachings, the non-sociological function of global society, and continuous ethnic nationalism without regard to the past have contributed to this collapse.

Keywords

Afghan nationalism; development; liberal democracy; multiculturalism; and development

References

Ahang, M, A. (2020) Afghaiestan History: Notes and comments. (In Persian). Kabol: Vajeh
Publisher.
Ahmas, H & Fazeli H. (2007). Nationalismm Identity and national state dilemma in social
theories. Siasat Journal. 37th year. No 4
Almond G and Powell B. (1966) Comparative Politics: A Developmental
Approach.Boston: Little Brown& Co.
Ansari. Kh. (2005) Tribal mentality (In Persian). Kabol: Khavar Institute.
Almond G and Powell B. (1959). Comparative Politics: A Developmental Approach.
Boston: Little Brown.
Anderson, B. (2016). A Life beyond Boundaries. A Memoir. London: Verso.
Banerjee, S. (2016). The Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan: Causes, Consequences and
India’s Response. Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 3(1), 63-80.
Barfield, T. (2010). Afghanistan: A cultural and political history. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.

Bashirieh, H. (2013) Political Sociology. Tehran: Eksir.
Bashirieh, H. (1999) Liberalism and Conservatism. Tehran: Ney publisher
- Conversi, D (2013) Modernism and Nationalism. Trans to Persian by: Panah, A &
Shokati, somayyeh, Political Reserches Quarterly, No 3 issue7: 66-90
- Dworkin, R. (1985). A Matter of Principle (Reprint). Harvard University Press.
Dorronsoro, G. (2005). Revolution Unending: Afghanistan 1979 to the Present (Ceri).
Eccleshall, R and others. (1996) Political ideologies: an introduction. Trans to Persian:
Ghaed, M. Theran: Markaz Publisher.
Eisenstadt S.N. 1969. The political systems of Empire (The Free Press, New York.
Foster, M. (2009) Master of political thought. (Part 3: Hegel and others). Trans to Persian:
Ramin, A. Theran: Amir-Kabir Publisher.
Giddens, A. (2012) Sociology, Translated to Persian by Ghavooshian, H. Tehran: Ney
Publications.
Ghazi, A (2002). Basic rights requirements. Tehran.Mizan publisher.
Ghobar, M (1995) Afghanistan on the path of history. Tehran: Jomhoori.
Ghobar, M (1999) Afghanistan on the path of history. (Part 2. Pishavar: Miond.
Gellner, E. (2009). Nationalism. Trans to Persian: Taghavi, S.M. Rehran: Markaz
Publications
Goodarzi, H. (2008) Sociological evolution of national Identity in Iran. Tehran: Iranian
civilization.
Gray, J. (2008). Liberalism. Trans to Persian: Savoji.M. Tehran: Ministry of Foreign
Affaires.
- Heywood, A. (2002) Political ideologies: an introduction. Trabslated to Persian by
Mehrabadi, M.M: Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Hettne, B. (2002) Development theory and the three worlds. Trans to Persian: Movaseghi
Ahmas. Tehran: Ghomes.
Greenfeld, L. (2001). The Spirit of Capitalism, Nationalism and Economics Growth.
Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press.
Hass& Eenst. B. (1993). Nationalism: An Instrumental Social Construction. Millennium:
Journal of International Studies. Vol. 22, N0 3.
Huntington, S. 1976. No Easy Choice .Harvard University Press.
Motyl, A. (2004) the encyclopedia of nationalism. Tans to Persian by Moradi, N and others.
Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publisher.
McLean, I (2016) the concise oxford Dictionary of politics. Trans to Persian: Ahmadi, H.
Theran: Mizan.
Kellas, J.G. (1991). Politics of Nationalism and Ethnicity. London: Red Globe Press.
Kedourie, E. (1985). Nationalism. London: Hutchinson.
Kymlicka and M. Opalski (2001), Can Liberal Pluralism be Exported? Western Political
Theory and Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Lamb, R.D. (2012). Survey, Formal and Informal Governance in Afghanistan. Center for
Strategic and International Studies.
Pye, L & others (2001) Crises and sequences in political development. Trans to Persian by:
Khajeh-sarvi. Gh. Theran: motaleate-Rahbordi.]
Rahimi, N (2019) A critique on the structure of the system in Afghanistan. Kabol: Azem
Publisher.
Rasanayagam, A. (2003). Afghanistan: A modern history. London: I.B. Tauris.

Rorty, R. (2003) the priority of democracy to philosophy. Trans to Persian: Deyhemi, Kh.
Theran: Tarhe-No Publisher.
Rois, L, A (2004) the encyclopedia of nationalism: A history of Southeast Asia. Trans to
Persian: Majidi, F. Tehran: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Publisher.
Sadr, O. (2018). The Fallacy of Peace Process in Afghanistan People’s Perspectives.
Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies.
Sadr, O. (2019). Political Settlement of the Afghanistan Conflict: Divergent Models.
Afghan Institute for Strategic Studies.
Sandel, M. (1982). Liberalism and Limits of Justice. Cambridge University Press.
Sari-ol-ghalam, M (2002) Rationality and the future of development in Iran. Tehran:
Middle East Center for Scientific Research and Strategic Studies.
Shahrani, M.N. (2009). Article, Afghanistan’s Alternatives for Peace, Governance and
Development: Transforming Subjects to Citizens and Rulers to Civil Servant. The Center
for International Governance and Innovation (CIGI). www.cigionline.org or
www.creativecommons.org/licenses
Shahrani, M (2008) Afghanistan from Establishment until today.Translated to Persian by
Mohi_al-din, M. Kabol: Afghan Muslim People's Party.
Shafer, B. (1972). Faces of Nationalism. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.
Smith, S. T. (2014). The Future of Afghan Democracy. Stability: International Journal of
Security &Amp; Development, 3(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.dk
Smith, A (2004) Nationalism: Theory, Ideology, History. Trans to Persian by: Ansari, M.
Tehran: Iranian civilization
Smith, A.D. (1971). Theories of Nationalism. London: Duckworth.
Smith, A.D. (1987).The Ethnic Origins of Nations. United States: Wiley-Blackwell.
Smith, A.D. (1991). National Identity. London: Penguin Book.
Tanin, Z (2004) Afghanistan in twentieth century, Teharan: Shaiati Afghanistani,
Mohammad (Personal publisher).
Taylor, C. (1986). Philosophy and Human Science. Cambridge University Press.
Taylor, Cد2007دA Secular Age, England, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Venner, M. (2019). Performing Budgeting Challenges in Developing Countries. Routledge.
Weinbaum, M. G. (1972). Afghanistan: Nonparty Parliamentary Democracy. The Journal
of Developing Areas. (Vol 7) College of Business, Tennessee State University.
Williams, B. G. (2014). Afghanistan after the Soviets: From jihad to tribalism. Small Wars
&Amp; Insurgencies, 25(5–6), 924–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2014.945634
Weber, M., & Kalberg, S. (2001). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Third
Edition (Enlarged 3rd). Roxbury Pub Co.
Zarei, M. J. (2014). The US Intervention in Afghanistan: Causes and Consequences.
Journal of Islamic Studies and Culture, 2(1), 1-12.
Afghanistan. (2023). In the World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-
factbook/countries/afghanistan
BBC News فارسی. (2011, November 16). لویمه جرگمه پمارادوکس سمنت و مدرنیتمه. BBC News
https://www.bbc.com/persian/afghanistan/2011/11/111116_l09_loye_jerga_legend_real Choi, C. Q. (2021b, September 22). $1 trillion trove of rare minerals revealed under
Afghanistan. Livescience.Com. https://www.livescience.com/47682-rare-earth-minerals-
found-under-afghanistan.html
High Peace Council. (2010). Afghanistan’s main strategy for peace and reconciliation.
https://docdro.id/VZz7gGb
Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction. (2008). About SIGAR.
https://www.sigar.mil/about/index.aspx?SSR=1
Transparency International. (2022). 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index.
https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2021