Study of histopathological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) on the thyroid gland of rats

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology

مقالات آماده انتشار، اصلاح شده برای چاپ، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 09 شهریور 1403   

نوع مقاله: Research Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/ijvst.2024.81413.1233

نویسندگان

Masoumeh Akhgar Maryan¹؛ Ahmad Reza Raji^{* 2}؛ Mohsenn Maleki³؛ Morteza Kafaee Razavi⁴

¹Graduated in master of sciences of histology, Faculty of Veterinary medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

²Department of basic sciences, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

³Department of pathobiology, Faculty of veterinary medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

⁴Department of biomedical engineering, Faculty of electrical and biomedical engineering, Sajad University, Mashhad, Iran.

چکیده

The relationship between exposures to Electromagnetic field (EMF) and human health is more in focus. Some studies showed the possible relation between exposure to EMF and cancer. The thyroid gland is one of the most exposed and vital organ and may be a target for any type of electromagnetic radiation; therefore, we studied histopathological effects of electromagnetic field (EMF) on the thyroid gland of rat. In this research, 35 healthy rats were used. The animals were divided to five groups, and then all animals were exposed to 2100MHz (4G) frequency for 0, 15, 60, 120, 180 min every day for a period of 70 days. The animals were euthanized by removing of blood from the heart then tissue samples were prepared from thyroid gland and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Mason trichrome (MT). Stereological studies were done by the Cavalier’s principle. Following the EMF exposure, a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the diameter of the thyroid follicles, heights of epithelial follicles and thyroid follicles volume were recorded in 180 min exposure groups.In the EMF exposure groups (120 and 180 min) histopathological effect observed include follicles with decreased colloid, congestion and increase of connective tissue. We also observed formation of apoptotic body that infiltrated inside of follicle and follicular cells with condensed nuclei under the exposure of EMF for120 and 180 min.We concluded that exposure of EMF (4G) for over 120 min for 70 consecutive days has histopathological and stereological effects in thyroid gland in rats.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Histopathology؛ Electromagnetic field؛ Thyroid gland؛ Rat

سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله

4-1233_ persian abs-f.pdf

مراجع

1. Jonsson P, Carson S, Davis S. et al. Ericsson mobility report. 2021 https://www.ericsson.com/en/mobility-report/reports/june-202.
2. Potenza L, Cucchiarini L, Piatti E, Angelini U, Dachà M. Effects of high static magnetic field exposure on different DNAs. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, the Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, the European Bioelectromagnetics Association. 2004; 25(5):352-5. Doi:10.1002/bem.10206.
3. Ahlbom A. Neurodegenerative diseases, suicide and depressive symptoms in relation to EMF. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, the Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, the European Bioelectromagnetics Association. 2001; 22(S5):S132-43 Doi: 10.1002/1521-186x (2001)22:5+<: aid-bem1029>3.3.co; 2-m 
4. Capko D. Transepithelial depolarization in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 1996; 41:230.
5. Grundler W, Kaiser F, Keilmann F, Walleczek J. Mechanisms of electromagnetic interaction with cellular systems. Naturwissenschaften. 1992; 79:551-9. Doi: 10.1007/BF01131411. 
6. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Non-ionizing radiation, Part 1: static and extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2002; 80:1-395.
7. Szemerszky R, Zelena D, Barna I, Bárdos G. Stress-related endocrinological and psychopathological effects of short-and long-term 50 Hz electromagnetic field exposure in rats. Brain research bulletin. 2010; 15; 81(1):92-9. Doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.10.015.
8. Zagorskaia EA. Endocrine responses to low frequency electromagnetic fields of continuous and intermittent generation. Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1989; 23:4-14.
9. Razavi MK, Raji AR, Maleki M, Dehghani H, Haghpeima A. Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of rat brain tissue after exposure to mobile phone radiation. Comparative Clinical Pathology. 2015; 24:1271-6. Doi: 10.1007/s00580-015-2113-0
10. Koyu A, Cesur G, Ozguner F, Akdogan M, Mollaoglu H, Ozen S. Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic field on TSH and thyroid hormones in rats. Toxicology letters. 2005; 4; 157(3):257-62. Doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.03.006 
11. Ross CL, Teli T, Harrison BS. Effect of electromagnetic field on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in a human mu-opioid receptor cell model. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2016; 2; 35(3):206-13. Doi: 10.3109/15368378.2015.1043556.
12. Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O. Light and electron microscopic study of the thyroid gland in rats exposed to power-frequency electromagnetic fields. Journal of experimental biology. 2006; 1; 209(17):3322-8. Doi: 10.1242/jeb.02375 
13. Liu Y, Liu WB, Liu KJ, Ao L, Zhong JL, Cao J, Liu JY. Effect of 50 Hz extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the DNA methylation and DNA methyltransferases in mouse spermatocyte-derived cell line GC-2. BioMed Research International. 2015; 3; 2015. Doi: 10.1155/2015/237183.
14. Blumenthal, N.C., Ricci, J., Breger, L., Zychlinsky, A., Solomon, H., Chen, G.G., Kuznetsov, D. and Dorfman, R. Effects of low‐intensity AC and/or DC electromagnetic fields on cell attachment and induction of apoptosis. Bioelectromagnetics: Journal of the Bioelectromagnetics Society, The Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine, The European Bioelectromagnetics Association,1997; 18(3), pp.264-272. Doi: 10.1002/ (sici)1521-186x(1997)18:3<264::aid-bem10>3.0.co;2-p 
15. Alkayyali T, Ochuba O, Srivastava K, Sandhu JK, Joseph C, Ruo SW, Jain A, Waqar A, Poudel S. An exploration of the effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by mobile phones and extremely low frequency radiation on thyroid hormones and thyroid gland histopathology. Cureus. 2021; 20; 13(8). doi.org/10.1002/ (SICI) 1521-186X(1997)18:3<264::AID-BEM10>3.0.CO;2-P
16. Zufry H, Rudijanto A, Soeatmadji DW, Sakti SP, Munadi K, Sujuti H, Mintaroem K. Effects of mobile phone electromagnetic radiation on thyroid glands and hormones in Rattus norvegicus brain: An analysis of thyroid function, reactive oxygen species, and monocarboxylate transporter. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research. 2023; 1; 14(2):63-8. Doi: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_680_22
17. Rajkovic V, Matavulj M, Johansson O. Histological characteristics of cutaneous and thyroid mast cell populations in male rats exposed to power-frequency electromagnetic fields. International journal of radiation biology. 2005; 1; 81(7):491-9. Doi: 10.1080/09553000500303518 
18. Altunkaynak BZ, Altunkaynak E, Unal D, Unal B. A novel application for the cavalieri principle: a stereological and methodological study. The Eurasian journal of medicine. 2009; 41(2):99.