Effect of Oral Preanesthesic Sedation with Chlordiazepoxide and Haloperidol Before Anesthesia For Adult Male Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata)

Iranian Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology

دوره 16، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 37، اسفند 2024، صفحه 1-13   

نوع مقاله: Research Article

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/ijvst.2024.88206.1382

نویسندگان

Kuskur Sannappa Naik Kamalesh Kumar^{* 1}؛ George Chandy²؛ Serendran Sooryadas²؛ Dinesh Parathazathayi²

¹Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services, Karnataka, India.

²Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pookode, Wayanad-673 576, Kerala, India.

چکیده

Minimizing stress during the capture of wild animals is crucial for reducing morbidity and mortality. Oral premedicants have the potential to reduce stress during handling and ease the subsequent administration of anaesthetic drugs. The efficacy of premedication with chlordiazepoxide or haloperidol independently prior to midazolam-ketamine anaesthesia was evaluated in 12 male Bonnet Macaques. Animals were randomly divided into two groups of six animals each (n=6). Animals in Group I were administered chlordiazepoxide (10mg/kg) and animals in Group II were administered haloperidol (1mg/kg) orally, respectively. Temperament of each animal was recorded prior to premedication. Behavioural responses after pre-medication were assessed for 4 hours. Glucose and cortisol levels were assessed in venous blood samples collected after the induction of anaesthesia. Sedation was achieved in both groups of animals whereas the quality of sedation was comparatively better in Group II. Haloperidol-premedicated animals were easy to handle, but increased cortisol and glucose levels were recorded. Pre-medication with chlordiazepoxide and haloperidol produced optimum sedation to handle the Bonnet Macaques for inducing anaesthesia.

کلیدواژه‌ها

Oral Premedication؛ Chlordiazepoxide؛ Haloperidol؛ Non-human primates؛ Bonnet Macaque؛ Reduced stress

مراجع

1.    Paterson J. Capture myopathy. In: West G, Heard DJ, Caulkett N, editors. Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. 1st ed. Asia: Blackwell Publishing. 2007;115-21.
2.    Friedman H, Ator N, Haigwood N, Newsome W, Allan JS, Golos TG, et al. The critical role of nonhuman primates in medical research. Pathog Immun. 2017;2:352-65. Doi:10.20411/pai.v2i3.186.
3.    Pulley AC, Roberts JA, Lerche NW. Four preanesthetic oral sedation protocols for Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). J Zoo Wildl Med. 2004;35:497-502. Doi:10.1638/03-092 
4.    Johns J. Comparative evaluation of xylazine-ketamine anaesthesia with and without oral haloperidol premedication for vasectomy in Spotted Deer (Axis axis) [M.V.Sc. thesis]. Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode. 2014; 94.
5.    Reiser P, Printz S, Harris SB, Robinson MS, Wainer D. The use of Librium in general practice. J Natl Med Assoc. 1962;54:244. 
6.    Gandini GC, Ebedes H, Burroughs RE. The use of long-acting neuroleptics in impala (Aepyceros melampus). J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1989;60:206-7. 
7.    Hofmeyr JM. The use of haloperidol as a long-acting neuroleptic in game capture operations. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 1981;52:273-82. 
8.    Martelli P, Oh S. Long-term deep sedation using Zoletil and haloperidol for the treatment of streptococcal pneumonia in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). J Vet Med Sci. 2021;83:809-13. Doi:10.1292/jvms.20-0279.
9.    Read M, Caulkett N, McCallister M. Evaluation of zuclopenthixol acetate to decrease handling stress in wapiti. J Wildl Dis. 2000;36:450-9. Doi:10.7589/0090-3558-36.3.450.
10.    Apfelbach R, Delgado JMR. Social hierarchy in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) modified by chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride. Neuropharmacology. 1974;13:11-20.Doi:10.1016/0028-3908(74)90003-3. 
11.    Sobti VK, Singh K, Bansal PS, Singh N, Rathor SS. Haloperidol as a pre-medicant for thiopental anaesthesia in the dog. Transbound Emerg Dis. 1990;37:170-3. Doi:10.1111/j.1439-0442.1990.tb00891.x. 
12.    Weiss B, Santelli S, Lusink G. Movement disorders induced in monkeys by chronic haloperidol treatment. Psychopharmacology. 1977;53:289-93. Doi:10.1007/bf00492366. 
13.    Fowler ME. Restraint and handling of wild and domestic animals. 3rd ed. John Willey and Sons, Blackwell Publishing. 2011. 470 p.
14.    Murphy HW. Get a hand on your patient: primate restraint and analgesia. NAVC Clin Brief: Off Publ N Am Vet Conf. 2008;5:1917-9.
15.    Authier S, Chaurand F, Legaspi M, Breault C, Troncy E. Comparison of three anesthetic protocols for intraduodenal drug administration using endoscopy in Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca mulatta). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2006;45:73-9. 
16.    Longley LA. Anaesthesia of exotic pets. London: Elsevier Saunders; 2008; 304. Doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-2888-5.x5001-1 
17.    Lemoy MJM, Lopes DA, Reader JR, Westworth DR, Tarara RP. Meningoencephalitis due to Listeria monocytogenes in a pregnant Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta). Comp Med. 2012; 62:443-7. 
18.    Sun X, Cai J, Fan X, Han P, Xie Y, Chen J, et al. Decreases in electrocardiographic R-wave amplitude and QT interval predict myocardial ischemic infarction in Rhesus Monkeys with left anterior descending artery ligation. PLoS One. 2013;8. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071876. 
19.    Raposo ACS, Ofri R, Schaffer DPH, Gomes Júnior DC, Libório FA, Martins Filho EF, et al. Evaluation of ophthalmic and hemodynamic parameters in Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus sp.) submitted to dissociative anesthetic protocols. J Med Primatol. 2015;44:381-9. Doi:10.1111/jmp.12200. 
20.    Committee on Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Commission on Life Sciences National Research Council (CWINP-ILAR). The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1998;. 168. Doi:10.17226/4909 
21.    Fick L, Mitchell D, Fuller A. Long-acting neuroleptics used in wildlife management do not impair thermoregulation or physical activity in goats (Capra hircus). Comp Biochem Physiol Part A: Mol Integr Physiol. 2007;147:445-52. Doi:10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.01.015. 
22.    Wenger S, Hoby S, Wyss F, Adami C, Wenker C. Anaesthesia with medetomidine, midazolam and ketamine in six gorillas after premedication with oral zuclopenthixol dihydrochloride. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2013;40:176-80. Doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00761.x .
23.    Heuschele WP. Chlordiazepoxide for calming zoo animals. Int Zoo Yearb. 1962;3:116-9. Doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1962.tb03429.x. 
24.    Goodman LS. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.1996: 1361-73. Doi:10.1213/00000539-194101000-00064. 
25.    Crowel-Davis S, Murray T. Veterinary Psychopharmacology. 1st ed. Iowa: Blackwell Publishing Professional; 2006;261. Doi:10.1002/9780470344521. 
26.    Adams HR. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 9th ed. Iowa: Blackwell Publishing Professional; 2001.1201.
27.    Gaalen VJ, Kerstens FG, Maas RPPWM, Härmark L, Warrenburg VDBPC. Drug-induced cerebellar ataxia: a systematic review. CNS Drugs. 2014;28:1139-53. Doi:10.1007/s40263-014-0200-4. 
28.    Kumar R, Palit G, Singh JR, Dhawan BN. Comparative behavioural effects of benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics in Rhesus Monkeys. Pharmacol Res. 1999;39:437-44. Doi:10.1006/phrs.1998.0455. 
29.    Redrobe SP. Neuroleptics in Great Apes, with specific reference to modification of aggressive behavior in a male gorilla. In: Fowler ME, Miller RE, editors. Zoo and wild animal medicine current therapy. Philadelphia, USA: Saunders Elsevier; 2008. 243-50. Doi:10.1016/b978-141604047-7.50033-6. 
30.    Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM, Moore PK. Pharmacology. 5th ed. London: Elsevier Science Ltd; 2005. p. 797.
31.    Ramachandra SG, Ramesh V, Krishnamurthy HN, Ravindranath N, Taranatha Shetty K. Normal hematological and plasma biochemical parameters of the captive Bonnet Monkey (Maccaca radiata). Primates. 1998;39:127-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02557725 
32.    Mythili DM, Vyas R, Patra SS, Nair SC, Akila G, Sujatha R, et al. Normal hematological indices, blood chemistry and histology and ultrastructure of pancreatic islets in the wild Indian Bonnet Monkeys (Macaca radiata radiata). J Med Primatol. 2005;34:35-40. Doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2004.00089.x 
33.    Venkatesan R, Nagarajan P, Rajaretnam RS, Majumdar SS. Hematologic and serum biochemical values in aged female Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata) anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2006;45:45-8. 
34.    Pierre PJ, Sequeira MK, Corcoran CA, Blevins MW, Gee M, Laudenslager ML, et al. Hematological and serum biochemical indices in healthy Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata). J Med Primatol. 2011;40:287-93. Doi:10.1111/j.1600-0684.2011.00466.x. 
35.    Palanivelrajan M, Jayarthangaraj MG, Sridhar R, Thirumurugan MPR. Serum Bio-chemical indices in captive Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata). Indian J Vet Anim Sci Res. 2015;44:42-5.
36.    Abbott D, Keverne E, Bercovitch F, Shively C, Mendoza S, Saltzman W, et al. Are subordinates always stressed? A comparative analysis of rank differences in cortisol levels among primates. Horm Behav. 2003;43:67-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0018-506x(02)00037-5 
37.    Arnemo JM, Caulkett N. Stress. In: West G, Heard DJ, Caulkett N, editors. Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. 1st ed. Asia: Blackwell Publishing. 2007;103-10. Doi:10.1002/9781118792919.ch8 
38.    Bentson KL, Capitanio JP, Mendoza SP. Cortisol responses to immobilization with Telazol or ketamine in baboons (Papio cynocephalus/anubis) and Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol. 2003;32:148-60. Doi:10.1034/j.1600-0684.2003.00018.x. 
39.    Klein B. Cunningham’s textbook of veterinary physiology. 6th ed. 2020; 1-645. Doi:10.1016/c2015-0-06149-4. 
40.    Puri CP, Puri V, Kumar TA. Serum levels of testosterone, cortisol, prolactin and bioactive luteinizing hormone in adult male Rhesus Monkeys following cage-restraint or anaesthetizing with ketamine hydrochloride. Acta Endocrinol. 1981;97:118-24. Doi:10.1530/acta.0.0970118. 
41.    Fuller GB, Hobson WC, Reyes FI, Winter JSD, Faiman C. Influence of restraint and ketamine anesthesia on adrenal steroids, progesterone, and gonadotropins in Rhesus Monkeys. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1984;175:487-90. Doi:10.3181/00379727-175-41825. 
42.    Weiss B, Santelli S. Dyskinesias evoked in monkeys by weekly administration of haloperidol. Science. 1978;200:799-801. Doi:10.1126/science.417399. 
43.    Capitanio JP. Personality dimensions in adult male rhesus macaques: Prediction of behaviors across time and situation. Am J Primatol. 1999;47:299-320. Doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1999)47:4<299::aid-ajp3>3.0.co;2-p 
44.    Kumar KSK, Chandy G, Sooryadas S, Martin J, Deepa PM, Babu BC, et al. Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of Captive Adult Male Bonnet Macaques (Macaca radiata) Under Midazolam-Ketamine Anaesthesia after Haloperidol Premedication. Indian J Nat Sci. 2017;43:12680-7. Doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.13877.04321