The Theory of Misuse of Faulty Intent (ʾIstighlāl) in the Laws of Arabic Countries and Analyzing it in Comparison with Similar Institutions in Islamic Jurisprudence

فقه و اصول (Fiqh va uṣūl)

Article 9, Volume 56, Issue 3 - Serial Number 138, November 2024, Pages 211-238   

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.22067/jfiqh.2023.79096.1457

Authors

Mahdi Moftakhari¹; Mojtaba Zahedian^{* 2}; Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Ghabooli Dorafshan³

¹PhD Student, Department of Private Law, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran

²Assistant Professor, Department of Private Law, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran

³Professor, Department of Private Law, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

A theory known as “ʾistighlāl” or Misuse of Faulty Intent is mentioned in contemporary legal texts of Arab countries, under the topic of contract elements and within the discussion of defects in consent. In these texts, the examples of defects of will include ignorance (jahl), mistake (ghalaṭ), fraud (tadlīs), coercion (ʾikrāh), and misuse of faulty intent (ʾistighlāl). Misuse of faulty intent in the context of transactions refers to a situation where an individual’s will is compromised to the point that the other party exploits it, whether this weakness has internal roots, such as a father’s authority over a child, or a husband’s over his wife, or an employer’s over a worker; or material roots, such as financial need. In any case, this faltering or defect in will throws the contract out of balance and equity, and based on this issue, no proportionality would remain between the responsibilities of the stronger and the weaker party. In Arabic countries the Law has provided particular measures for misuse of faulty intent, but in jurisprudence and therefore in our legal system the absence of such an institute can be felt, although similar concepts exist within the current system. In doing so, it seems possible to draw on specific justifications, such as bayʿ-i najash, talaqqī rukbān, and bayʿ-i ʾistirsāl. It is also possible to draw on general principles such as the principles of justice, fairness, and the principle of prohibition of exploitation (ʾijḥāf) to establish this institution in our jurisprudence and law.

Keywords

theory of Misuse of Faulty Intent (ʾistighlāl); unfair terms (taʿassufī); Bayʿ-i Mużṭar; inequity (ghabn) in contracts; najash; Bayʿ-i ʾistirsāl

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