«کمک‌های توسعه‌ای آمریکا: سازوکاری جهت ایجاد تغییر در کشورهای درحال‌توسعه»

پژوهش نامه ایرانی سیاست بین الملل

دوره 13، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 25، دی 1403، صفحه 300-269   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/irlip.2024.83901.1425

نویسنده

مهدی فاخری^*

دانشیار دانشکده روابط بین الملل

چکیده

پس از پایان جنگ جهانی دوم ایالات متحده طرح مارشال را برای بازسازی اروپای جنگ‌زده اجرا و برای نخستین بار مفهوم کمک‌های توسعه‌ای را به روابط بین‌الملل معرفی کرد . طرح مارشال که امر بازسازی و ایجاد ثبات در دولت‌های اروپایی را دنبال می‌کرد، موجب تحقق یکی از اهداف استراتژیک ایالات متحده شد که که مهار شوروی در اروپا بود. در باقی دوره‌ها و به اقتضای شرایط، استفاده از کمک‌های توسعه‌ای توسط آمریکا به منظور تضمین منافع ملی ادامه پیاده کرد. یکی از اهداف سیاست خارجی دولت آمریکا ایجاد تغییرات سیاسی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی و اجتماعی‌ای در جهان درحال‌توسعه است که منافع این کشور را تامین کند. این پژوهش در پی کشف تغییراتی است که این کشور از طریق کمک‌های توسعه‌ای خود در کشورهای واقع در خاورمیانه، آفریقا، آمریکای لاتین و جنوب شرق آسیا در فاصله‌ی سال‌های 2000 تا 2020 ایجاد کرد. آمریکا بر اساس این که چه مکتبی در سیاست خارجی آن جایگاه هژمونی را به خود اختصاص داده باشد، تغییراتی نهادی یا غیر نهادی را در جهان درحال‌توسعه ایجاد کرده است. به عبارت دیگر، دو دولت بوش و اوباما که در سیاست خارجی از سنت ویلسونی پیروی کرده‌اند در تلاش بوده‌اند تا با ایجاد تغییراتی نهادی، نظام‌های اقتصادی، سیاسی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی دولت‌های درحال‌توسعه را به ساختار موجود در ایالات متحده شبیه سازند و دولت جکسونی-جفرسونی ترامپ، تمایلی به تغییر شرایط موجود در جهان درحال‌توسعه نداشته است. به همین خاطر، دریافت کمک‌های توسعه‌ای از سوی آمریکا می‌تواند زمینه‌ساز ایجاد تغییراتی ماهوی در کشور دریافت‌کننده‌ی کمک شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

آمریکا؛ تغییر؛ سیاست خارجی؛ کمکهای توسعه ای

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