Analyzing the Foundations of the Continuation of Ownership Capacity Postmortem

فقه و اصول (Fiqh va uṣūl)

Article 1, Volume 56, Issue 4 - Serial Number 139, February 2025, Pages 11-36   

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.22067/jfiqh.2023.80889.1531

Authors

Ahmad Adibi¹; Mohammad Mahdi Al-Sharif^{* 2}; Alireza Arashpour³

¹PhD Candidate, Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

²Associate Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

³Associate, Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

Many legal scholars view death as the termination of a person’s legal capacity based on the verbal generality of Article 956 of the Civil Code, therefore considering the deceased as lacking legal capacity. Undoubtedly, “the capacity to exercise rights” (ʾAhlīyyat-iʾistiṣfā) and “the part of legal capacity to enjoy rights” (ʾAhlīyyat-i tamattuʿ), which inherently cannot survive after death (such as the rights arising from marriage) cease upon death. However, “the right to own property” and “the capacity to acquire property” (ʾAhlīyyat-i tamalluk) as one of the aspects of competence to acquire rights (ʾAhlīyyat-i tamattuʿ) can survive and are continued limitedly after death. Generally, Islamic Law does not deem the capacity for ownership (ʾAhlīyyat-i tamalluk ) to be exclusive to the living, allowing entities such as religious funds (Vujūhāt-i Sharʿīyah) and endowments (waqf) to possess the capacity for ownership. The present study, conducted through the descriptive-analytical method, concludes that the generalization on Article 956 of the Civil Code is unreliable, and that the possibility of the continuation of ownership after death, as well as new acquisitions following death, are accepted in specific cases. The prime example of the first case is found in the continuity of “the estate of a debt owned” (mātarak mawḍūʿ dayn mustaghraq) in the ownership of the deceased person and its non-transfer to the heirs. Examples of new ownership after death include: “the ownership of the deceased over the blood money for murder”, “mālikiyyat-i taqdīrī on the blood money of murder”,“the return of ownership of the property to the deceased in the case of the heirs’ cancellation”), and the “ownership of the deceased over items that he caused before death”, such as fish caught after the fisherman’s death, which ends up in the fishing net.

Keywords

ownership capacity after death; ownership of the deceased; continuity of ownership after death; new ownership after death; ownership capacity of the deceased

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