Typology of the Jurists’ Disregard for Ḥadīth with a Focus on the Principle of Lower Validation (Kāsirīyat)

فقه و اصول (Fiqh va uṣūl)

Article 9, Volume 56, Issue 4 - Serial Number 139, February 2025, Pages 227-257   

Document Type: Original Article

DOI: 10.22067/jfiqh.2023.80169.1501

Author

Alborz Mohaghegh Garfami^*

Master’s Graduate, Department of Quranic and Ḥadīth Studies, Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

One of the methods for invalidating ḥadīths among many Shīʿī scholars is the early jursits’ disregard for authentic narrations and their refrain from acting upon them. This approach is rooted in the reliance on Shahrah-yi ʿĀmilī (utilizing practical consensus) in the process of engaging with ḥadīths. This disregard is verified through identifying the fatwās of jurists by referring to jurisprudential and ḥadīth texts up to the era of Sallār Diylāmī, or through references made by later jurists of the existence of common practice opposing the ḥadīth in question. The present study seeks to identify the types of deficiencies in narrations that have prompted such dismissals by the jurists. The study illustrates that these can be assessed in three domains: content, direction of issuance, and source of narration. In the domain of content, factors such as the opposition of ḥadīth to the objectives of Sharīʿa, the foundations of the sect, the practice of common people (Sīrah-yi Mutasharriʿah), the cautious approach of the jurists, and also the early scholars’ particular understanding of the narration and the presence of irregularities are noteworthy. In the domain of direction of issuance, identifying two factors are important: Taqīyah (dissimulation) and the nature of the narrator’s question. The deficiencies of the source of narration include: absence of mention in the Shīʿī canonical texts (four-hundred principles), inclusion in questionable books, mention in the chapter of rare reports, and compatibility with Sunnī writings.

Keywords

ḥadīth criticism; practical consensus; early jurists; famous disregard; lower validation (Kāsirīyat); invalidation

References

Qurān-i Ḥakīm.

Abū al-Ṣalāḥ Ḥalabī. Taqī ibn Najm. al-Kāfī fī al-Fiqh. Qum: al-Hādī. 1984/1404.

Āhangarān, Muḥammad Rasūl. “Iʻrāḍ Fuqahāʾ az Khabar Ṣaḥīḥ”. Nashrīyh-yi Mujtamaʻ Āmūzish ʻĀlī Qum. No. 14, autumn 2010/1388, 183-198.

Ākhūnd Khurāsānī, Muḥammad Kāẓim ibn Ḥusayn. Kifāya al-Uṣūl. Qum: Dār al-Fikr, 2015/1393.

Āl Kāshif al-Ghiṭāʾ, Aḥmad. ʿAlī ibn Jaʻfar. Maṣādir al-Ḥukm al-Sharʿī wa al-Qānūn al-Madanī. Najaf: al-Ādāb. 1988/1408.

Āl Shaykh Rāḍī, Muḥammad Ṭāḥir. Bidāyah al-Wūṣūl fī Sharḥ Kifāya al-Uṣūl. Qum: Dār al-Hudā. Chāp-i Duwwum. 2005/1426.

ʻAlam al-Hudā, ʻAlī  ibn Ḥusayn.  al-Intiṣār fī Infirādāt al-Imāmīyah. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1995/1415.

ʻAlam al-Hudā, ʻAlī  ibn Ḥusayn. al-Rasāʾil  al-Sharīf al-Raḍī.  Qum: Dār al-Qurān al-Karīm. 1985/1405.

ʻAlī Muḥammadī, Ṭāḥir, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusaynī. “Ḥujiyatsanjī Iʻrāḍ Mashhūr”, Fiqh va Mabānī Ḥuqūq Islāmī. no. 2, autumn and winter 2020/1399, 335-352.

ʿAllāmah Ḥillī, Ḥasan  ibn Yūsuf. Tadhkara al-Fuqahāʾ. Qum: al-Murtażawīya. S.d.

ʻĀmulī, Muḥammad Taqī. Miṣbāḥ  al-Hudā fī Sharḥ-i al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā. S.l.: s.n. 1965/1384.

Anṣārī, Muḥammad ʻAlī. Mausūʿat al-Fiqhīyah  al-Mīysarah. Qum: Majmaʻ al-Fikr al-Islāmī. 1995/1415. 

Anṣārī, Murtaḍā ibn Muḥammad Amīn. al-Rasāʾil al-Fiqhīya. Qum: al-Muʾtamar al-ʿĀlamī  al-Dhikhrī al-Miʾawīyah al-Thāniyat li-Milād al-Shaykh al-Anṣārī. 1994/1414.

Badrī, Taḥsīn. Muʿjam Mufradāt Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-Muqārin. Tehran: al-Mashriq. 2007/1428.

Bahbahānī, Muḥammad Bāqir ibn Muḥammad Akmal. al-Fawāʾid al-Rijālīyā. Qum: : Maktab al-Iʻlām al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Duwwum. 1984/1404.

Baḥrānī, Muḥammad ibn Ṣanqūr ʿAlī, al-Muʻjam al-Uṣūlī. Qum: al-Ṭayār. Chāp-i Duwwum, 2007/1428.

Baḥrānī, Yūsuf ibn Aḥmad. al-Ḥadāʾiq al-Nāḍira fī Aḥkām al-ʿItra al-Ṭāḥira. Qum:  Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1985/1363.

Bujnūrdī, Sayyid Ḥasan. al-Qawāʿid al-Fiqhīyah. Qum: al-Hādī. 1958/1377.

Burūjirdī, Ḥusayn. Kitāb al-Ṣalāt. Qum:  Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1995/1416.

Burūjirdī, Muḥammad Taqī . Risālah fī al-Ijtihād wa Taqlīd. Qum:  Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 2001/1422.

Dilbarī, Sayyid ʻAlī. Āshināyī bā Uṣūl ʻIlm Rijāl. Mashhad: Razavi University of Islamic Sciences. Chāp-i Sivum, 2017/1395.

Fāḍil Hindī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Kashf  al-Lithām ʿan Qawāʾid al-Aḥkām. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1995/1416.

Faqīh, Muḥammad Taqī. Qawāʾid al-Fiqhīya. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ. Chāp-i Duvvum, 1987/1407.

Farāhīdī, Khalīl ibn Aḥmad. Kitāb al-ʻAyn. Qum: Hijrat. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1989/1409.

Fayḍ Kāshānī, Muḥammad ibn Shāh Murtażā. al-Wāfī. Isfahān: Kitābkhānah-yi Imām Amīr al-Muʾminīn ʻAlī (AS). 1986/1406.

Fayyāḍ, Muḥammad Isḥāq. Taʿālīq Mabsūṭa. Qum: Maḥalātī. S.d

Fiyḍ Kāshānī, Muḥammad ibn Shāh Murtażā.. Naqd al-ʿUṣūl al-Fiqhīyah. Mashhad: Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. 2002/1380.

Ghulām ʻAlī, Maḥdī. Sabk Shinākht Kitāb-hā-yi Ḥadithī. Tehran: Samt. Chāp-i Sivum, 2020/1398.

Ḥāʾirī Biyārjumandī, Yūsuf . Madārik al-ʿUrwa. s.l. s.n. 1962/1381.

Ḥāj Ḥasan. Ḥusayn. Naqd al-Ḥadith fī ʿIlm al-Riwāya wa al-Drāya. Beirut: al-wafāʾ. 1985/1405.

Ḥakīm, Muḥammad Taqī. al-Uṣūl al-ʿĀmah fī Al-Fiqh al-Muqārin. Qum: Majmaʻ Jahānī Āl al-Bayt)AS). Chāp-i Duwwum, 1997/1418.

Ḥakīm, Muḥsin. Mustamsak al-ʿUrwa  al-Wuthqā. Qum: Dār al-Tafsīr. 1995/1416.

Ḥimyarī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Jaʻfar. Qurb al-Asnād(Chāp Sangī). Tihrān: Maktaba al-Niynawā al-Ḥadītha, s.d.

Ḥimyarī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Jaʻfar. Qurb al-Asnād(Ṭ- al-Ḥadītha ). Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1993/1413.

Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Risālah fī al-Ghanā ʾ. Qum: Mirṣād. 1997/1418.

Ḥurr ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Wasāʾil al-Shīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1989/1409.

Ḥusayn Gulzār, Maryam, Kāẓim Ṭabāṭabāyīpūr, Mahdī Jalālī. “Maʻnāshināsī Tārīkhī Mafhūm Nawādir va Ibhāmzudāyī az ān bā Barrisī Mūridī Bāb Nawādir Kutub al-Arbaʿa”. Muṭāliʻāt-i Qurān va Ḥadīth.  no. 23, autumn 2019/1397, 119-224.

Ḥusaynī Mīlānī, ʿAlī. Taḥqīq al-Uṣūl ʻalā Ḍawʾ Abḥāth Shaykhanā al-Faqīh al-Muḥaqqiq wa al-Uṣūlī al-Mudaqqiq Āyat Allāh al-ʿUẓmā al-Waḥīd al- Khurāsānī, Qum: Dār al- Ḥaqāʾiq. 2014/1435.

Ḥusaynī Shīrāzī, Muḥammad. al-Waṣāʾil ilā al-Masāʾil. Qum: ʻAshūrā. Chāp-i Duwwum, 2001/1421.

Ḥusaynpūrī, Amīm. Ḥadīth Żaʿīf. Qum: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 2015/1393.

Ḥydarī, Kamāl. al-Durūs Sharḥ al-Ḥalqa al-Thānīya. Qum: Dār Farāqid, 2007/1428.

Ibn ʻĀshūr, Muḥammad Ṭāḥir. Maqāṣid al-Sharīʻa al-Islāmīyya. Tūnis: Dār  al-Salām. 2006/1427.

Ibn ʻĀshūr, Muḥammad Ṭāḥir. Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr. Beirut: Mūʾassisa al-Tārīkh al-ʻArabī. 1999/1420. 

Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. al-Muqniʿ. Qum: Imām Mahdī(AS). 1995/1415.

Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. ʻIlal al-Sharāiʻ. Qum: Dāwarī, 1966/1385.

Ibn Bābawayh, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. Kitāb Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1993/1413.

Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Mawsūʿat Ibn Idrīs al-Ḥilī. Qum: Dalīl-i Mā. 2009/1387.

Ibn Shahrāshūb, Muḥammad ibn ʻAlī. Maʿālim ʿUlamāʾ fī Fihrist Kutub Shiʻa wa al-Asmāʾ al-Muṣannifīn Qadīman wa Ḥadīthan. Najaf: Maṭbaʻa al-Ḥydarīyya. 1961/1380.

ʻImādī Ḥāʾirī, Sayyid Muḥammad. “Naqd Ḥadīth, Kitābshināsī va Matnpazhūhī”, ʻUlūm Ḥadīth. no. 35-36, summer 2007/1386, 52-69.

Ishtihārdī, ʿAlī Panāh. Madārik al-ʿUrwa. Qum:  Uswah. 1996/1417.

Jannātī, Muḥammad Ibrāḥīm. Adwār Fiqh. Tehran: Kiyhān, 1996/1374.

Jawharī, Ismāʻīl  ibn Ḥammād. al-Ṣiḥāḥ: Tāj al-Lugha wa Ṣiḥāḥ al-ʿArabīya. Beirut: Dār al-ʻIlm, 1998/1376.

Khājawī, Ismāʻīl ibn Muḥammad Ḥusayn.  Jāmiʿ al-Shitāt. s.l. s.n. 1997/1418.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. al-Hidāya fī al-Uṣūl. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Ṣāḥib al-Amr, 1996/1417.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Dirāsāt fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Muqarr Sayyid ʿAlī Hāshimī Shāhrūdī. Qum: Mūʾassisa Dāyrah al-Maʿārif-i Fiqh-i Islāmī. 1998/1419.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Mausūʿat al-Imām al-Khūʾī: al-Makāsib al-Muḥarramah. Qum: Mūʾassisa Iḥyāʾ Āsār al-Imām al-Khūʾī. 1997/1418.

Khūʾī, Abū al-Qāsim. Miṣbāḥ al-Uṣūl. Muqarr Muḥammad Surūr Wāʿiẓ Ḥusaynī Bihsūdī. Qum: Dāvarī. Chāp-i Panjum, 1993/1413.

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Kitāb al-Ṭahāra. Tehran: Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Ḥażrat Imām Khumaynī. 2001/1379.

Khumaynī, Rūḥ Allāḥ. Tehran: al-Khalal fī al-Ṣalāt. Mūʾassisah-yi Tanẓīm va Nashr-i Āsār-i  Ḥażrat Imām Khumaynī. 1959/1378.

Kulīnī, Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb. al-Kāfī. Qum: Dār al-Ḥadīth. 2008/1429.

Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir. Biḥār al-Anwār. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾal-Tūrāth al-ʻArabī.  1983/1403.

Majlisī, Muḥammad Taqī  ibn Maqṣūd ʻAlī. Rawḍa  al-Muttaqīn fī Sharḥ Man Lā Yaḥḍuruh al-Faqīh. Tehran: Kūshānbūr, 1986/1406.

Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. Anwār al-Uṣūl. Qum: Madrisah al-Imām ʿAlī ibn Abī  Ṭālib (AS). 2007/1428.

Māmaqānī, ʻAbd Allah. Miqbās al-Hidāya fī ʻIlm al-Dirāya. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1991/1411.

Mudarrisī Ṭabāṭabāyī, Ḥusayn. Muqaddamah-ī bar Fiqh Shīʻah. Translated by Muḥammad Āṣif Fikrat. Mashhad: Bunyād-i Pazhūhish-hā-yi Islāmī. 1990/1368.

Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. al-Muqniʿa. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1990/1410.

Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Jawābāt Ahl al-Mawṣil fī al-ʿAdad wa al-Ruʾyah.  Qum: al-Hādī. 1993/1413.

Mufīd, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Taṣḥīḥ Iqtiqādāt al-Imāmīyah. Beirut:   Ḥusayn  Dargāhī. 1993/1414.

Mughnīyah, Muḥammad Javād. Fiqh al-Imām al-Ṣādiq (AS). Qum: Anṣārīyān. 1996/1374.

Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī. Jaʻfar ibn Ḥasan. al-Muʿtabar fī Sharḥ al-Mukhtaṣar. Qum: Sayyid al-Shuhadā(AS). 1986/1364.

Mūsawī ʻĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. Madārik al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1991/1411.

Muṣṭafavī, Ḥasan. Al-Taḥqīq fī Kalamāt al-Qurān al-Karīm. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyya. Chāp-i Sivum, 2009/1430.

Muẓaffar, Muḥammad Riḍā. Uṣūl  al-Fiqh. Qum: Nashr Dānish Islāmī. 1985/1405.

Nāʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Ajwad al-Taqrīrāt. Qum: al-ʿIrfān. 1973/1352.

Nāʾīnī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. Fawāʾid al-Uṣūl. Muqarr Muḥammad ʿAlī Kāẓimī. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1998/1376.

Najāshī, Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī. Rijāl Najāshī. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. Chāp-i Shishum, 1987/1365.

Naṣīrī, ʻAlī. Ravishshināsī Naqd Aḥādīs. Tehran: Vaḥy va Khirad. 2012/1390.

Raḍawī Ṭūsī, Muḥammad Ṣādiq. “Barrisī Kitāb al-Jāmiʿ Bazantī va Manqūlāt ān dar Mustaṭrafāt Sarāʾir”, Muṭāliʻāt Iʿtibārsanjī Ḥadīth. no. 2, autumn and winter 2020/1398, 111-132.

Raḥmatī, Muḥammad Kāẓim. “Nukātī Darbārih-yi Kitāb Qurb al-Asnād Ḥimyarī”, Kitāb Māh Dīn. no. 76-77, Bahman va Isfand 2003/1382, 25-29.

Sabzawārī, ʿAbd  al-Aʿlā . Tahdhīb al-Uṣūl.  Qum: al-Minār. Chāp-i Duwwum,  S.d.

Ṣadr, Muḥammad Bāqir. Buḥūth fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Muqarr Abd al-Sātir Ḥasan. Beirut: al-Dār al-Islāmīya. Chāp-i Duwwum, 1996/1417.

Ṣāliḥī Māzandarānī, Ismāʻīl. Miftāḥ al-Uṣūl. Qum: Ṣāliḥān. 2003/1424.

Shahīd Awwal, Muḥammad ibn Makkī. Dhikrā al-Shīʿa fī Aḥkām al-Sharīʻa. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1998/1419.

Shaykh Bahāyī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Ḥabl al-Matīn fī Aḥkām al-Dīn. Qum: Kitābfurūshī Baṣīratī. 2012/1390.

Shubayrī Zanjānī, Mūsā. Kitāb-i Nikāḥ. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Pazhūhīsh Raʾypardāz. S.d.

Shushtarī, Muḥammad Taqī. al-Najʿa fī al-Sharḥ al-Lumʿa. Qum: Maktaba al-Ṣadūq. 1986/1364.

Subḥānī Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. al-Maḥṣūl fī ʻIlm al-Uṣūl. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq(AS). 1995/1415. 

Subḥānī Tabrīzī, Jaʻfar. Uṣūl al-Fiqh al-Muqārin Fimā Lānaṣ fīh. Qum: Mūʾassisah-yi Imām Ṣādiq(AS). 2005/1383.

Subḥānī, Jaʻfar. Kulīyāt fī ʻIlm al-Rijāl. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 2002/1423.

Ṭabarsī. Faḍl ibn Ḥasan. Majmaʻ al-Bayān fī Tafsīr al-Qurān. Tehran: Nāṣir Khusrū. 1995/1373.

Ṭabāṭabāyī  Qumī, Taqī. Ārāunā fī Uṣūl al-Fiqh. Qum: Maḥalātī. 1992/1371.

Ṭabāṭabāyī Qumī, Taqī. al-Anwār al-Bahīya fī al-Qawāʾid al-Fiqhīya. Qum: Maḥalātī. 2003/1381.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. al-Mīzān fī Tafsīr al-Qurān. Beirut: al-Aʻlamī. 1970/1390.

Ṭabāṭabāyī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī. Mafātīḥ al-Uṣūl. Qum: Āl al-Bayt(AS). 1878/1296.

Tabrīzī, Mīrzā Mūsā. Awthaq al-Wasāʾil fī Sharḥ al-Rasāʾil. Qum: Najafī. 1991/369.

Ṭāhirī, Jalāl al-Dīn. Kitāb al-Ṭahāra. Qum: Mubārak, 2010/1388.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Istibṣār fī mā Ikhtalafa min al-Akhbār. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. 1970/1390.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Khilāf. Qum: Mūʾassisa al-Nashr al-Islāmī. 1987/1407.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. al-Mabsūṭ fī al-Fiqh al-Imāmīyah. Tehran:  al-Murtażawīya. 1968/1387.

Ṭūsī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan. Tahdhīb  al-Aḥkām. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya. Chāp-i  Chāhārum, 1987/1407.