مطالعه فنولوژی تطبیقی و تأثیر تاریخ رویش و خراش‌دهی بر رشد و عملکرد ماشک خزری (Vicia hyrcanica) و ماشک برگ‌پهن (Vicia narbonensis) در مزارع گندم (Triticum aestivum)

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

مقاله 7، دوره 38، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 66، دی 1403، صفحه 387-406   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jpp.2024.88318.1193

نویسندگان

وحید کمری دیره¹؛ سیروان بابائی^{* 1}؛ ایرج نصرتی²؛ ایرج طهماسبی خورنه¹

¹گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران

²گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

چکیده

گونه‏های ماشک یکی از مهم‌ترین علف‏های هرز مزارع گندم محسوب می‌شوند. ازآنجایی‌که شناخت و آگاهی از مراحل فنولوژی علف‏های هرز نقش مهمی در مدیریت علف‏های هرز دارد، مطالعه حاضر به‌منظور بررسی فنولوژی تطبیقی ماشک خزری (Vicia hyrcanica L.) و برگ‌پهن (Vicia narbonensis L.) به‌عنوان دو علف­ هرز مشکل­ساز مزارع گندم به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار طی سال زراعی 1402-1401 در مزرعه‌ای آبی واقع در روستای چقازرد در شهر ماهیدشت، استان کرمانشاه اجرا ‌شد. برای هر گونه ماشک یک آزمایش جداگانه طراحی شد. فاکتورهای هر آزمایش شامل تاریخ کاشت ماشک (هر سه هفته یک‌بار پس از کشت گندم) و خراش­دهی بذر ماشک (خراش و عدم خراش‏) و وجود و عدم وجود گیاه زارعی گندم بود. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که در تاریخ کاشت اول (اواخر آبان ماه)، بیشترین رشد رویشی و زایشی ماشک برگ‌پهن و ماشک خزری مشاهده شد. کمترین میزان آن‏ها نیز در تاریخ کاشت چهارم (اواسط اسفند) حاصل شد. از سوی دیگر، مشخص شد که خراش‏دهی اثر معنی­داری روی صفات ماشک برگ‌پهن و ماشک خزری داشت و موجب افزایش ارتفاع بوته و تعداد برگ این دو گونه علف هرز ‏شد. به‌علاوه، بیشترین افزایش رشد و تولید بذر ماشک برگ‌پهن و ماشک خزری در کاشت تکی آن‏ها مشاهده شد و با کاشت این علف‏های هرز در بین ردیف‏های گندم، میزان آن‏ها کاهش یافت. براساس نتایج مراحل فنولوژی در ماشک برگ‌پهن، درجه روز-رشد و تعداد روز لازم برای تکمیل مرحله سبز شدن در تاریخ‏های مختلف کاشت به­ترتیب بین 9/35 تا 65/164 و 19 تا 75 متغیر بود. در ماشک خزری نیز میزان درجه-روز رشد و تعداد روز لازم برای مرحله سبز شدن در تاریخ‏های مختلف کاشت به­ترتیب بین 1/24 تا 8/68 و 9 تا 83 روز متغیر بود. نتایج بررسی مراحل فنولوژی تطبیقی نشان داد که چرخه زندگی ماشک برگ‌پهن و ماشک خزری 16 روز زودتر از گندم شروع شد و رسیدگی آن‏ها نیز با رسیدگی گندم هم­زمان نبود. در مجموع، نتایج این آزمایش نشان داد که با استقرار ماشک برگ‌پهن و ماشک خزری در آبان، میزان رقابت و تولید بذر آن نسبت به سایر تاریخ‏های استقرار بیشتر بود، بنابراین تأخیر در رویش (18 اسفند) و استقرار دیرتر آن موجب کاهش مشکلات مربوط به این دو گونه علف هرز در مزارع گندم شد. براساس نتایج ارزیابی فنولوژی تطبیقی گندم و ماشک، بهترین زمان استفاده از علف‏کش برای مهار مناسب این دو گونه علف هرز در تاریخ کاشت اول و دوم، مرحله سه تا شش برگی گندم و در تاریخ کاشت سوم و چهارم، شروع پنجه‏زنی تا ظهور اولین گره قابل لمس در گندم است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

تاریخ کاشت؛ درجه روز-رشد؛ رقابت‌پذیری؛ ماشک

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