انتشار و سرنوشت میکروپلاستیک‌ها در آب‌های زیرزمینی و رویکردهای نانوفناوری برای کنترل و پاکسازی منابع آلودگی

فصلنامه آب و توسعه پایدار

مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 17 خرداد 1404

نوع مقاله: مروری

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jwsd.v12i1.2410-1370

نویسندگان

زینب سلحشور¹؛ ملیحه مدنیان²؛ احسان شکری^{* 1}

¹بخش تحقیقات نانوتکنولوژی، پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی ایران، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

²بخش تحقیقات خاک و آب، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی اصفهان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اصفهان، ایران

چکیده

امروزه میکروپلاستیک‌ها به عنوان یک آلاینده نوظهور، به دلیل پایداری بالا در محیط‏زیست و سمیت ذاتی موضوعی مهم و نگران ‌کننده در سطح جهانی به ویژه در خاک و آب‌های زیرزمینی محسوب می‌شوند. میکروپلاستیک‌ها می‌توانند به راحتی توسط موجودات زنده بلعیده و با تجمع زیستی باعث آسیب حاد، مزمن، سرطان‌زایی، مشکلات رشدی و ژنوتوکسیک شوند. پایداری و دوز بیولوژیکی میکروپلاستیک‌ها عوامل مهمی هستند که در ایجاد سمیت و میزان خطرآفرینی آنها نقش مهمی دارند. میکروپلاستیک‌ها از منابع مختلفی از جمله جو، برهمکنش با بدنه‌های آب سطحی، زیرساخت‌های شهری یا خاک‌های کشاورزی وارد محیط خاک و آب‌های زیرزمینی می‌شوند. بررسی منابع نشان می‌دهد که فرآیند‌های انتقال مکانیکی، فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی می‌توانند بر پویایی و رفتار انتقال میکروپلاستیک‌ها در محیط خاک و آب زیرزمینی اثر گذارند. میکروپلاستیک‌ها به دلیل ماهیت آبگریزی، ظرفیت جذب و مساحت بالا، جاذب و فعال ‌کننده سایر آلاینده‌ها می‌باشند و منجر به گسترش آلودگی می‌شوند. بنابراین بازسازی منابع آلوده شده برای حفاظت از سلامت اکوسیستم و انسان با مواد و فناوری‌های نوآورانه لازم و ضروری است. نانوفناوری به عنوان یک رویکرد همه جانبه در سه حیطه جذب، فرآیند غشایی و تخریب فتوکاتالیستی میکروپلاستیک‌ها نقش مؤثری دارد. علاوه بر احیای محیط‌های آلوده، رویکرد پایدار برای کاهش، استفاده مجدد و بازیافت زباله‌های پلاستیکی لازم می‌باشد. استراتژی‌های مدیریت آلودگی میکروپلاستیک در آب‌های زیرزمینی نیازمند یک رویکرد کل‏نگر است که شامل قانون‏گذاری، مشارکت ذی‏نفعان، تحقیقات و آگاهی بخشی در کشورهای توسعه یافته و در حال توسعه با تأکید بر کاهش میکروپلاستیک در منبع، بهبود مدیریت زباله و ترویج استفاده مسئولانه از پلاستیک است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

میکروپلاستیک؛ سرنوشت؛ آب زیرزمینی؛ تصفیه؛ نانوفناوری

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