ارزیابی انرژی و اقتصادی سیستم‌های تولید زیتون: مقایسه‌ای از استراتژی‌های مدیریت علف‌های هرز شیمیایی، مکانیکی و تلفیقی

ماشین های کشاورزی

مقالات آماده انتشار، پذیرفته شده، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 31 خرداد 1404   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی لاتین

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jam.2025.91522.1329

نویسندگان

بهنام محمدی؛ علیرضا یوسفی؛ مجید نامداری^* ؛ مسلم حیدری

گروه تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران

چکیده

این مطالعه مصرف انرژی و عملکرد اقتصادی سه روش کنترل علف‌های هرز در باغ‌های زیتون شهرستان طارم، استان زنجان را با تمرکز بر کشاورزی پایدار ارزیابی می‌کند. هدف، ارزیابی بهره‌وری انرژی و مقرون‌به‌صرفه‌بودن سیستم‌های مختلف مدیریت علف‌های هرز است. این تحلیل شامل کنترل شیمیایی علف‌های هرز (سیستم I)، کنترل مکانیکی (سیستم II) و روش تلفیقی علف‌های هرز (سیستم III) است. داده‌ها از طریق مصاحبه با 50 باغدار زیتون جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که کل مصرف انرژی در سیستم III (93,069.16 مگاژول در هکتار) بالاترین و در سیستم I (64,297.16 مگاژول در هکتار) پایین‌ترین میزان را داشت. سیستم I همچنین بهره‌وری انرژی برتر (0.74)، انرژی خروجی (47,648.40 مگاژول در هکتار) و بهره‌وری انرژی (0.06 کیلوگرم در مگاژول) را نشان داد و آن را به قابل‌اجراترین گزینه برای بهینه‌سازی مصرف انرژی تبدیل کرد. از نظر اقتصادی، سیستم I بالاترین سود خالص (4,662.28 دلار در هکتار) و نسبت سود به هزینه (2.16) را ایجاد کرد و از سیستم‌های II (3,073.31 دلار در هکتار؛ نسبت سود به هزینه: 2.16) و III (2,953.57 دلار در هکتار؛ نسبت سود به هزینه: 1.97) عملکرد بهتری داشت. این مطالعه نتیجه می‌گیرد که سیستم I، با استفاده کارآمد از انرژی‌های تجدیدپذیر، از نظر عملکرد انرژی و اقتصادی، قابل‌اجراترین گزینه است و تعادلی بین ورودی انرژی کم و بازده بالا ایجاد می‌کند، بنابراین سود را به حداکثر و هزینه‌های تولید را به حداقل می‌رساند. این یافته‌ها بر اهمیت انتخاب روش‌های مناسب کنترل علف‌های هرز برای بهینه‌سازی مصرف انرژی و کاهش هزینه‌های کلی تولید در کشت زیتون تأکید می‌کنند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

انرژی؛ پایداری؛ علف‌های هرز؛ کارایی؛ مقرون‌به‌صرفه بودن

مراجع

1. Abdul Rahman, N., Larbi, A., Opoku, A., Tetteh, F. M., & Hoeschle-Zeledon, I. (2019). Corralling, planting density, and N fertilizer rate effect on soil properties, weed diversity, and maize yield. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 43(3), 243-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2018.1516264
2. Angnes, G., de Almeida, B. O., Milan, M., & Romanelli, T. L. (2021). Energy and economic performances of stump and roots removal of eucalyptus for bioenergy. Biomass and Bioenergy, 153, 106229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106229
3. Artukoğlu, M. M., Olgun, F. A., & Adanacıoğlu, H. (2012). An economic analysis of organic and conventional olive production: Case of Turkey. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 49(3), 243-247. https://doi.org/10.20289/zfdergi.69695
4. Azimi, M., Zeinanloo, A. A., & Mostafavi, K. (2016). Evaluation of Compatibility and Morpho–Physiological Characteristics of Some Olive Cultivars (Oleaeuropaea) at Tarom Climate. Journal of Horticultural Science, 30(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.22067/jhorts4.v30i1.26236
5. Azizi, K., & Heidari, S. (2013). A comparative study on energy balance and economical indices in irrigated and dry land barley production systems. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 10, 1019-1028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0157-0
6. Babushkina, E. A., Belokopytova, L. V., Grachev, A. M., Meko, D. M., & Vaganov, E. A. (2017). Variation of the hydrological regime of Bele-Shira closed basin in Southern Siberia and its reflection in the radial growth of Larix sibirica. Regional Environmental Change, 17(6), 1725-1737. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1137-1
7. Banaeian, N., Zangeneh, M., & Clark, S. (2020). Trends and future directions in crop energy analyses: a focus on Iran. Sustainability, 12(23), 10002. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310002
8. Basavalingaiah, K., Ramesha, Y., Paramesh, V., Rajanna, G., Jat, S. L., Dhar Misra, S., ..., & Raveesha, S. (2020). Energy budgeting, data envelopment analysis and greenhouse gas emission from rice production system: A case study from puddled transplanted rice and direct-seeded rice system of Karnataka, India. Sustainability, 12(16), 6439. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166439
9. Beckie, H. J. (2006). Herbicide-resistant weeds: management tactics and practices. Weed Technology, 20(3), 793-814. https://doi.org/10.1614/WT-05-084R1.1
10. Beckie, H. J., Ashworth, M. B., & Flower, K. C. (2019). Herbicide resistance management: Recent developments and trends. Plants, 8(6), 161. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8060161
11. Canakci, M., Topakci, M., Akinci, I., & Ozmerzi, A. (2005). Energy use pattern of some field crops and vegetable production: Case study for Antalya Region, Turkey. Energy conversion and Management, 46(4), 655-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2004.04.008
12. CBI. (2024). Central Bank of Iran. www.cbi.ir
13. Cellura, M., Longo, S., & Mistretta, M. (2011). The energy and environmental impacts of Italian households consumptions: an input–output approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(8), 3897-3908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.025
14. Cirujeda, A., Pueyo, J., Moreno, M. M., Moreno, C., Villena, J., López-Marín, J., ... & Pardo, G. (2024). Weed Control in Perennial Crops Using Hydromulch Compositions Based on the Circular Economy: Field Trial Results. Journal of Crop Health, 76(5), 1101-1116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-024-01012-9
15. Clements, D. R., & Jones, V. L. (2021). Ten Ways That Weed Evolution Defies Human Management Efforts Amidst a Changing Climate. Agronomy, 11(2), 284. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020284
16. Egan, J. F., Maxwell, B. D., Mortensen, D. A., Ryan, M. R., & Smith, R. G. (2011). 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D)–resistant crops and the potential for evolution of 2, 4-D–resistant weeds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(11), E37-E37. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017414108
17. FAO. (2024). Food and Agriculture Organization. Available from: www.fao.org
18. Fishkis, O., & Koch, H. J. (2022). Comparison of mechanical vs. chemical weed control in sugar beet-environmental effects: soil erosion, earthworms, CO₂e-emissions. Sugar Industry, 147(6), 352-359. https://doi.org/10.36961/si28805
19. Formaglio, G., Veldkamp, E., Duan, X., Tjoa, A., & Corre, M. D. (2020). Herbicide weed control increases nutrient leaching as compared to mechanical weeding in a large-scale oil palm plantation. Biogeosciences, 17, 5243–5262. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-5243-2020
20. Ghasemi Mobtaker, H., Akram, A., & Keyhani, A. (2012). Energy use and sensitivity analysis of energy inputs for alfalfa production in Iran. Energy for Sustainable Development, 16(1), 84-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2011.10.009
21. Genitsariotis, M., Chlioumis, G., Tsarouhas, B., Tsatsarelis, K., & Sfakiotakis, E. (1998). Energy and nutrient inputs and outputs of a typical olive orchard in northern Greece. Paper presented at the International Conference on Integrated Fruit Production 525. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.525.66
22. Gökdoğan, O., & Erdoğan, O. (2018). Evaluation of energy balance in organic olive (Olea europaea) production in Turkey. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 60(1), 47-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-017-0338-6
23. Guzmán, G. I., & Alonso, A. M. (2008). A comparison of energy use in conventional and organic olive oil production in Spain. Agricultural Systems, 98(3), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2008.06.004
24. Hemmati, A., Tabatabaeefar, A., & Rajabipour, A. (2013). Comparison of energy flow and economic performance between flat land and sloping land olive orchards. Energy, 61, 472-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.09.006
25. Hossein, H. Y., Azizpanah, A., Namdari, M., & Shirkhani, H. (2024). Environmental life cycle assessment of corn production in tropical regions. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 20036. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70923-4
26. Htwe, T., Sinutok, S., Chotikarn, P., Amin, N., Akhtaruzzaman, M., Techato, K., & Hossain, T. (2021). Energy use efficiency and cost-benefits analysis of rice cultivation: A study on conventional and alternative methods in Myanmar. Energy, 214, 119104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119104
27. IRIMO. (2024). Iran Meteorological Organization. irimo.ir
28. Khan, S., & Hanjra, M. A. (2009). Footprints of water and energy inputs in food production–Global perspectives. Food Policy, 34(2), 130-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.09.001
29. Khoshnevisan, B., Shariati, H. M., Rafiee, S., & Mousazadeh, H. (2014). Comparison of energy consumption and GHG emissions of open field and greenhouse strawberry production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 316-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.098
30. Kulak, M., Nemecek, T., Frossard, E., Chable, V., & Gaillard, G. (2015). Life cycle assessment of bread from several alternative food networks in Europe. Journal of Cleaner Production, 90, 104-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.060
31. Kumar, A., Tirkey, J. V., & Shukla, S. K. (2021). Comparative energy and economic analysis of different vegetable oil plants for biodiesel production in India. Renewable Energy, 169, 266-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.12.128
32. Langgut, D., Cheddadi, R., Carrión, J. S., Cavanagh, M., Colombaroli, D., Eastwood, W. J., ... & Woodbridge, J. (2019). The origin and spread of olive cultivation in the Mediterranean Basin: The fossil pollen evidence. The Holocene, 29(5), 902-922. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683619826654
33. Loddo, D., McElroy, J. S., & Giannini, V. (2021). Problems and perspectives in weed management. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 16(4), 1854. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1854
34. MacLaren, C., Storkey, J., Menegat, A., Metcalfe, H., & Dehnen-Schmutz, K. (2020). An ecological future for weed science to sustain crop production and the environment. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 40, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00631-6
35. Mairech, H., López-Bernal, Á., Moriondo, M., Dibari, C., Regni, L., Proietti, P., …. & Testi, L. (2020). Is new olive farming sustainable? A spatial comparison of productive and environmental performances between traditional and new olive orchards with the model OliveCan. Agricultural Systems, 181, 102816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102816
36. MAJ. (2024). Ministry of Agriculture Jihad of Iran. Available from: www.maj.ir
37. McErlich, A. F., & Boydston, R. A. (2014). Current State of Weed Management in Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems. In: Young, S., Pierce, F. (eds) Automation: The Future of Weed Control in Cropping Systems. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7512-1_2
38. Mohammadshirazi, A., Akram, A., Rafiee, S., & Kalhor, E. B. (2014). Energy and cost analyses of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 33, 44-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.067
39. Mohanty, L., Nanda, S., Mishra, S., & Padhiary, A. (2020). Review of research on INM and various weed control practices in rice (Oryza sativa)-Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cropping system under irrigated medium land situation. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(5), 1283-1289. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4038.2014.00601.0
40. Moosavi-Nezhad, M., Salehi, R., Aliniaeifard, S., Winans, K. S., & Nabavi-Pelesaraei, A. (2022). An analysis of energy use and economic and environmental impacts in conventional tunnel and LED-equipped vertical systems in healing and acclimatization of grafted watermelon seedlings. Journal of Cleaner Production, 361, 132069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132069
41. Mostashari-Rad, F., Nabavi-Pelesaraei, A., Soheilifard, F., Hosseini-Fashami, F., & Chau, K. W. (2019). Energy optimization and greenhouse gas emissions mitigation for agricultural and horticultural systems in Northern Iran. Energy, 186, 115845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.07.175
42. Mousavi-Avval, S. H., Rafiee, S., Sharifi, M., Hosseinpour, S., Notarnicola, B., Tassielli, G., & Renzulli, P. A. (2017). Application of multi-objective genetic algorithms for optimization of energy, economics and environmental life cycle assessment in oilseed production. Journal of Cleaner Production, 140, 804-815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.075
43. Namdari, M., Rafiee, S., Notarnicola, B., Tassielli, G., Renzulli, P. A., & Hosseinpour, S. (2024). Use of LCA indicators to assess Iranian sugar production systems: Case study-Hamadan Province. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(5), 6759-6772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02982-4
44. Naderi, S., Raini, M. G. N., & Taki, M. (2020). Measuring the energy and environmental indices for apple (production and storage) by life cycle assessment (case study: Semirom county, Isfahan, Iran). Environmental and sustainability indicators, 6, 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100034
45. Nikkhah, A., Khojastehpour, M., Emadi, B., Taheri-Rad, A., & Khorramdel, S. (2015). Environmental impacts of peanut production system using life cycle assessment methodology. Journal of Cleaner Production, 92, 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.12.048
46. Ozkan, B., Akcaoz, H., & Fert, C. (2004a). Energy input–output analysis in Turkish agriculture. Renewable Energy, 29(1), 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-1481(03)00135-6
47. Ozkan, B., Kurklu, A., & Akcaoz, H. (2004b). An input–output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: a case study for Antalya region of Turkey. Biomass and Bioenergy, 26(1), 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00080-1
48. Özpinar, S. (2020). Energy Use and Cost Analysis of Olive under Flat and Sloping Growing Conditions. ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 125-135. https://doi.org/10.33202/comuagri.664249
49. Pergola, M., Favia, M., Palese, A. M., Perretti, B., Xiloyannis, C., & Celano, G. (2013). Alternative management for olive orchards grown in semi-arid environments: An energy, economic and environmental analysis. Scientia Horticulturae, 162, 380-386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.08.031
50. Perveen, S., Yousaf, M., Mushtaq, M. N., Sarwar, N., Khan, M. Y., & Mahmood, S. (2019). Bioherbicidal potential of some allelopathic agroforestry and fruit plant species against Lepidium sativum. Soil and Environment, 38(1), 119-126. https://doi.org/10.25252/se/19/71655
51. Powles, S. B., & Yu, Q. (2010). Evolution in action: plants resistant to herbicides. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61, 317-347. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112119
52. Radjabov, J., Troyanovskaya, I., Dvoryashina, T., Vanzha, V., & Akhtyamova, L. (2025). Impact of weed control methods on corn yield and soil fertility conservation. XI International Conference on Advanced Agritechnologies, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Development. EDP Sciences. Beijing, China. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202561302003
53. Rahmani, A., Parashkoohi, M. G., & Zamani, D. M. (2022). Sustainability of environmental impacts and life cycle energy and economic analysis for different methods of grape and olive production. Energy Reports, 8, 2778-2792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.01.197
54. Rajaeifar, M. A., Akram, A., Ghobadian, B., Rafiee, S., & Heidari, M. D. (2014). Energy-economic life cycle assessment (LCA) and greenhouse gas emissions analysis of olive oil production in Iran. Energy, 66, 139-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.12.059
55. Razmjoo, A. A., Sumper, A., & Davarpanah, A. (2019). Development of sustainable energy indexes by the utilization of new indicators: A comparative study. Energy Reports, 5, 375-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.03.006
56. Riemens, M., Sønderskov, M., Moonen, A. C., Storkey, J., & Kudsk, P. (2022). An integrated weed management framework: a pan-European perspective. European Journal of Agronomy, 133, 126443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2021.126443
57. Rigamonti, L., Grosso, M., & Giugliano, M. (2009). Life cycle assessment for optimising the level of separated collection in integrated MSW management systems. Waste Management, 29(2), 934-944. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.005
58. Saini, R., Sarmah, A. K., Dutta, R., Paul, S., Sharma, P. K., Choudhary, R., & Kumar, A. (2023). Influence of Integrated Weed and Nutrient Management on Productivity and Profitability of Summer Maize (Zea mays) Under Rainfed Condition of Assam, India. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 13(12), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i123658
59. Schröder, J., Aarts, H., Ten Berge, H., Van Keulen, H., & Neeteson, J. (2003). An evaluation of whole-farm nitrogen balances and related indices for efficient nitrogen use. European Journal of Agronomy, 20(1-2), 33-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1161-0301(03)00070-4
60. Settanni, E., Notarnicola, B., & Tassielli, G. (2010). Combining Life Cycle Assessment of food products with economic tools. In Environmental assessment and management in the food industry. 207-218. Elsevier. Sawston, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857090225.3.207
61. Sharifi, S., Hafezi, N., & Aghkhani, M. H. (2025). Investigation, Optimization of Energy Consumption and Yield Modeling of Two Paddy Cultivars with Genetic-Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm. Journal of Agricultural Machinery, 15(2), 145-164. (in Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jam.2022.77064.1108
62. Shrestha, J., Timsina, K. P., Subedi, S., Pokhrel, D., & Chaudhary, A. (2019). Sustainable weed management in maize (Zea mays) production: A review in perspective of southern Asia. Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 22(1), 133-143.
63. Soleymani, M., Asakereh, A., & Safaieenejad, M. (2025). Optimization of Cumulative Energy, Exergy Consumption and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment Modification of Corn Production in Lorestan Province, Iran. Journal of Agricultural Machinery, 15(1), 23-46. https://doi.org/10.22067/jam.2024.86234.1221
64. Soriano, M. A., Álvarez, S., Landa, B. B., & Gómez, J. A. (2014). Soil properties in organic olive orchards following different weed management in a rolling landscape of Andalusia, Spain. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 29(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170512000361
65. Stillitano, T., De Luca, A. I., Iofrida, N., Falcone, G., Spada, E., & Gulisano, G. (2017). Economic analysis of olive oil production systems in southern Italy. Calitatea, 18(157), 107.
66. Terzi, M., Barca, E., Cazzato, E., D’Amico, F. S., Lasorella, C., & Fracchiolla, M. (2021). Effects of Weed Control Practices on Plant Diversity in a Homogenous Olive-Dominated Landscape (South-East of Italy). Plants, 10(6), 1090. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10061090
67. Valamoti, S. M., Gkatzogia, E., & Ntinou, M. (2018). Did Greek colonisation bring olive growing to the north? An integrated archaeobotanical investigation of the spread of Olea europaea in Greece from the 7th to the 1st millennium BC. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 27, 177-195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-017-0631-1
68. Vera, I., & Langlois, L. (2007). Energy indicators for sustainable development. Energy, 32(6), 875-882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2006.08.006
69. Yousefi, M., Damghani, A. M., & Khoramivafa, M. (2014). Energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and assessment of sustainability index in corn agroecosystems of Iran. Science of the Total Environment, 493, 330-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.004
70. Zangeneh, M., Banaeian, N., & Clark, S. (2021). Meta-analysis on energy-use patterns of cropping systems in Iran. Sustainability, 13(7), 3868. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073868
71. Zhang, W., Jiang, F., & Ou, J. (2011). Global pesticide consumption and pollution: with China as a focus. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 1(2), 125-144.