تأثیر متقابل برخی آفت‌کش‌ها روی Diaeretilla rapae و Diadegma semiclausum در مزارع کلم

پژوهش های حفاظت گیاهان ایران

مقاله 1، دوره 39، شماره 3 - شماره پیاپی 69، مهر 1404، صفحه 229-248   

نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی

شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22067/jpp.2025.87745.1184

نویسنده

محمد امین سمیع^*

گروه گیاهپزشکی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولی عصر رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران

چکیده

کلم Brassica oleracea L. Brassicaceae یکی از سبزیجات مهم و اقتصادی جهان محسوب می‌شود. این گیاه در معرض هجوم آفات مختلفی قرار می‌گیرد که از مهم‌ترین آن­ها شته مومی کلم و شب­پره پشت الماسی است. در این پژوهش، اثر توأم غیرهدف سه آفت‌کش سیانترانیلیپرول، اسپیروتترامات و ایمیداکلپرید با نامهای تجاری به ترتیب بنویا، موونتو و کونفیدور روی Diaeretilla rapae به‌عنوان عامل مهار بیولوژیکی شته کلم Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) و (Hellen) Diadegma semiclausum روی بید کلم (L.) Plutella xytella در تولید کلم بررسی شد. تمام پرورش­ها در شرایط کنترل‌شده با دمای 2±23 درجه سلسیوس و شرایط نوری 14 ساعت روشنایی و 10 ساعت تاریکی انجام شد. اثر محلول‌پاشی روی شته مومی کلم، میزان پارازیتیسم زنبور D. rapae روی شته‌‌های سم­پاشی‌شده، اثر محلول‌پاشی شته­های مومیایی‌شده روی میزان خروج زنبور D. rapae، جدول زندگی زنبور D. rapae به‌دست‌آمده از مومیایی­های سم­پاشی‌شده، اثر محلول‌پاشی روی شب‌پره پشت الماسی، اندازه­گیری میزان پارازیتیسم زنبور D. semiclausum روی لاروهای شب‌پره پشت الماسی در معرض آفت‌کش قرار گرفته، اثر محلول‌پاشی شفیره بید کلم روی میزان خروج زنبور D. semiclausum، جدول زندگی حشرات کامل زنبور پارازیتوئید دیادگما خارج‌شده از شفیره‌‌های در معرض سم قرار گرفته و کارآیی روش‌های مهار شته مومی کلم در این پژوهش ارزیابی شد. نتایج نشان داد که اثر آفت‌کش مونتو کمتر از دو آفت‌کش کونفیدور و بنویا بوده است. همچنین درصد خروج زنبورها از شته­های مومیایی‌شده بیشتر از دو آفت‌کش دیگر است، امّا در این آزمایش اثر مونتو روی مشخصه‌های جدول زندگی بیشتر از آفت‌کش کونفیدور بود. این نتایج نشان می‌دهد که اثرات ماندگار و درازمدت سم مونتو می‌­تواند در خور نگرش باشد. دو آفت‌کش کونفیدور و مونتو به‌ترتیب بازدارنده رشد جمعیت شته مومی کلم بوده و اثرات بازدارندگی آن­ها روی زنبور پارازیتوئید نیز کمتر از بنویا است. بنابراین به‌عنوان یک حاشیه امن برای زنبور پارازیتوئید محسوب می­شود. کاربرد مونتو با زنبور پارازیتوئید سبب افزایش کارآیی کنترل شد. آفت‌کش کونفیدور نسبت به شاهد اثرات بازدارنده معنی­دار روی خروج زنبور از شفیرگی داشته است و به‌عنوان یک اثر غیرهدف روی دیادگما محسوب می‌شود. آفت‌کش بنویا نیز میزان خروج زنبور را نسبت به شاهد مقدار زیادی کاهش داده است، امّا امتیاز این آفت‌کش این است که به‌تنهایی جمعیت بید کلم را مهار می­کند و نیازی به کاربرد توأم آفت‌کش با زنبور پارازیتوئید نیست. نتایج پژوهش با نگرش به آزمایش­های بالا نشان می­دهد که آفت‌کش کونفیدور بر فعالیت پارازیتیسم زنبور دیادگما اثر بازداری داشته است و یک جایگاه غیرهدف دارد و این پارازیتوئید نسبت به آفت‌کش مونتو دارای ایمنی بوده است. آفت‌کش مونتو برای مهار آفت بید کلم دارای کارآیی مناسب نیست. کارآیی روش‌های مهار شته مومی کلم نشان داد که بیشترین میزان کارآیی مربوط به آفت‌کش کونفیدور و بنویا و کمترین مربوط به کاربرد زنبور پارازیتوئید و استفاده توأم کونفیدور و زنبور پارازیتوئید است. ازآنجایی‌که استفاده از بنویا و کونفیدور به‌تنهایی و توأم با پارازیتوئید دارای اختلاف معنی­داری نیست، بنابراین استفاده اضافی از پارازیتوئید با این دو آفت کش توجیه ندارد، امّا استفاده از آفت‌کش مونتو باید توأم با پارازیتوئید باشد و این ترکیب ایمن برای طبیعت است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

آفت‌کش؛ بید کلم؛ جدول باروری؛ کلم

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