Effect of Essential Oils of Peppermint, Lemon, Thyme and Ajwain on Performance, Blood Metabolites and Hepatic lipogenic Gene Expression of Broilers

پژوهشهای علوم دامی ایران

Article 9, Volume 7, Issue 3 - Serial Number 23, September 2015, Pages 329-339   

Document Type: Poultry Nutrition

DOI: 10.22067/ijasr.v7i3.30357

Authors

Farhad Samadian^{* 1}; Mohammad Amir Karimi Torshizi²; Zarbakht Ansari Pirsaraei³; Hosein Vaseghi⁴; fahimeh mohammadnejad⁵; Vahid Vahedi⁶

¹Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasuj University, Yasuj, Iran

²Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agricultural, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

³Department of Animal Sciences, Sari University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources

⁴Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

⁵Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University

⁶Department of Animal Science, Moghan College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

Abstract

Intoduction Essential oils (EOs) are important aromatic components of herbs and spices which are complex mixtures of secondary plant metabolites consisting of low-boiling-phenylpropenes and terpenes. Their biological activities have been known and utilized since ancient times in perfumery, food preservation, flavoring, and medicine. Some of their biological activities include antibacterial, antifungal, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters has stimulated the search for alternative feed supplements in animal production. EOs have received attention in recent years as potential ‘natural’ alternatives for replacing antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) in animal diets due to their positive impact on growth performance and welfare. A number of studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of EOs on broiler performance rather than the physiological effects, but the results have not been consistent (or constant). The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of four essential oils (Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita, Citrus lemon, Carum copticom) on growth performance, some of the serum biochemistry parameters and lipogenic gene expression in broiler chickens.
Materials and Methods A total of 312, 1-day-old broiler chicks were allocated in completely randomized design to 13 groups with 6 replicate cages per treatment. After 2-day adjustment with the basal diet, the birds were randomly assigned to the corresponding experimental diets supplemented with 0 (Control), 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg diet essential oils extracted from Crum capticum, Thymus vulgaris, Mentha piperita and Cirtus lemon. The basal diet composed of maize–soybean meal prepared in our laboratory and all birds had free access to water for the entire period. Food intake and BW were recorded to determine growth performance and feed: gain ratio. At the end of the experiment (42 day) blood samples (6 samples per treatment) were taken for measuring biochemical analysis including total protein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-c and LDL-c by commercial kits. Samples of the liver were collected on day 42 after slaughter (6 samples per treatment) and the hepatic expression of the genes encoding malic enzyme (ME), fatty acid synthase (FAS) were determined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using SYBR green as a flourophore monitored in a real time mode.
Results and discussion The results showed that the body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broilers at day 42 were not affected by supplementing EOs to the basal diet. However, daily body weight gain of broilers at 21 day decreased significantly (P

Keywords

Blood biochemical metabolites; Broilers; Essential oils; Gene expression; Performance

References

1. Alçiçek, A., M. Bozkurt, and M. Çabuk. 2004. The effects of a mixture of herbal essential oil, an organic acid or a probiotic on broiler performance. South African Journal of Animal Science, 34:217-222.

2. Aoki, F., S. Honda, H. Kishida, M. Kitano, N. Arai, H. Tanaka, S. Yokota, K. Nakagawa, T. Asakura, Y. Nakai, and T. Mae. 2007. Suppression by licorice flavonoids of abdominal fat accumulation and body weight gain in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6Jmice. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 71:206-214.

3. Bolukbası, C., M. K. Erhan, and A. Özkan. 2006. Effect of dietary thyme oil and vitamin E on growth, lipid oxidation, meat fatty acid composition and serum lipoproteins of broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 36:189-196.

4. Botsoglou, N. A., E. Christaki, P. Florou-Paneri, I. Giannenas, G. Papageorgiou, and A. B. Spais. 2004. The effect of a mixture of herbal essential oils or alpha-tocopheryl acetate on performance parameters and oxidation of body lipid in broilers. South African Journal of Animal Science, 34:52-61.

5. Charles, A.L., and T.C. Huang. 2009. Sweet cassava polysaccharide extracts protects against CCl4 liver injury in Wistar rats. Food Hydrocolloids, 23:1494-1500.

6. Bedu, E., Chainier, F., Sibille, B., Meister, R., Dallevet, G., Garin, D., Duchamp, C., 2002.Increased lipogenesis in isolated hepatocytes from cold-acclimated ducklings. American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology, 283: 1245-1253.

7. Cross D. E., R. M. McDevitt, K. Hillman, T. Acamovic. 2007. The effect of herbs and their associated essential oils on performance, dietary digestibility and gut microflora in chickens from 7 to 28 days of age. British Poultry Science, 48:496-506.

8. Deng, Z-Y., J-W. Zhang, G-Y. Wu, Y. Yin, Z. Ruan, T-J. Li, W-Y. Chu, X-F. Kong, Y-M. Zhang, Y-W. Fan, R. Liu, and R-L. Huang. 2007. Dietary supplementation with polysaccharides from Semen cassia enhances immunoglobulin production and interleukin gene expression in early-weaned piglets. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 87:1868-1873.

9. De Rodas, B. Z., S. E. Gilliand, and C. V. Maxwell. 1996. Hypocholesterolemic action of lactobacillus acidophilus AT CC 43121 and calcium in swine with hypercholesterolemia induced by diet. Journal of Dairy Science, 79:2121-2128.

10. Elson, C. E., and S. G. Yu. 1994. The Chemoprevention of Cancer by Vevalonate derived Constituents of Fruits and Vegetables. Journal of Nutrition, 124:607-14.

11. Gilani, A. H., Q. Jabeen, M. N. Ghayur, K. H. Janbaz, and M. S. Akhtar. 2005. Studies on the antihypertensive, antispasmodic, bronchodilator and hepatoprotective activities of the Carum copticum seed extract. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 98:127-135.

12. Hernandez, F., J. Madrid, V. Garcia, J. Orengo, and M. D. Megias. 2004. Influence of two plant extracts on broilers performance, digestibility, and digestive organ size. Poultry Science, 83:169-174.

13. Hood, R. L., W. M. Bailey, and D. Svoronos, 1978. The effect of dietary monoterpenes on the cholesterol level of eggs. Poultry Science, 57:304-306.

14. Huang, J., D. Yang, S. Gao, and T. Wang. 2008. Effects of soy-lecithin on lipid metabolism and hepatic expression of lipogenic genes in broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 118:53-60.

15. Jugl-Chizzola, M., E. Ungerhofer, C. Gabler, W. Hagmuller, R. Chizzola, K. Zitterl-Eglseer, and C. Franz. 2006. Testing of the palatability of Thymus vulgaris L. and Origanum vulgare L. as flavouring feed additive for weaner pigs on the basis of a choice experiment. Berliner und Münchener tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 119:238-243.

16. Khodambashi Emami, N., A. Samiea, H. R. Rahmani, and C.A. Ruiz-Feria. 2012. The effect of peppermint essential oil and fructooligosaccharides, as alternatives to virginiamycin, on growth performance, digestibility, gut morphology and immune response of male broilers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 175:57-64.

17. Khovidhunkit, W, M. Kim, R. A. Memon, J. K. Shigenaga, A. H. Moser, K. R. Feinfold and C. Grunfeld. 2004. Thematic Review Series; the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Effects of Infection and Inflammation on Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism Mechanism. Journal of Lipid Research, 49:788-795.

18. Kim, J. B., and B. M. Spiegelman. 1996. ADD1/SREBP1 promotes adipocyte differentiation and gene expression linked to fatty acid metabolism. Genes & Development, 10:1096-1107.

19. Kirkpinar, F., H. B. Unlu, and G. Ozdemir. 2011. Effects of oregano and garlic essential oils on performance, carcass, organ and blood characteristics and intestinal microflora of broilers. Livestock Science, 137:219-225.

20. Lee, K. W., H. Everts, H. J. Kappert, M. Frehner, R. Losa, A. C. Beynen. 2003a. Effects of dietary essential oil components on growth performance, digestive enzymes and lipid metabolism in female broiler chickens. British Poultry Science, 44:450-457.

21. Lee, K. W., H. Everts, H. J. Kappert, K. H. Yeom, and A. C. Beynen. 2003b. Dietary carvacrol lowers body weight gain but improves feed conversion in female broiler chickens. Applied Poultry Research, 12: 394-399.

22. Lee, S. H., H. S. Lillehoj, S. M. Cho, D. W. Park, Y. H. Hong, E. P. Lillrhoj, R. A. Heckert, H. J. Park, and H. K. Chun. 2009. Protective effects of dietary safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) on experimental coccidiosis. Journal of Poultry Science, 46:155-162.

23. Lee, S. H., H. S. Lillehoj, Y. H. Hong, S. I. Jang, E. P. Lillehoj, C. Ionescu, L. Mazuranok, and D. Bravo. 2010a. In vitro effects of plant and mushroom extracts on immunological function of chicken lymphocytes and macrophages. British Poultry Science, 51:213-221.

24. Leveille, G. A., D. R. Romsos, Y. Y. Yeh, and E. K. O’Hea. 1975. Lipid biosynthesis in the chick. A consideration of site of synthesis, influence of diet and possible regulating mechanisms. Poultry Science, 54:1075-1093.

25. Lillehoj, H. S., D. K. Kim, D. M. Bravo, and S. H Lee. 2010. Effects of dietary plant-derived phytonutrients on the genome-wide profiles and coccidiosis resistance in the broiler chickens. International Symposium on Animal Genomics for Animal Health (AGAH 2010) Paris, France. 31 May–2 June.

26. Liu, L-K., F-P. Chou, H-H. Ho, Y-C. Chen, C-C. Chyau., and C-J. Wang. 2009. Effects of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Extracts on Lipid Homeostasis in Vitro and in Vivo. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57:7605-7611.

27. Livak K. J., and T. D. Schmittgen. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCt method. Methods, 25:402-408.

28. Mackenzie, G. G., N. Queisser, M. L. Wolfson, C. G. Fraga, A. M. Adamo, and P. I. Oteiza. 2008. Curcumin induces cell-arrest and apoptosis in association with the inhibition of constitutively active NF-kappaB and STAT3 pathways in Hodgkin’s lymphoma cells. International Journal of Cancer, 123:56-65.

29. özer, H., M. Sökme, M. Güllüce, A. Adigüzel, F. Sahin, A. Sökmen, H. Kilic, and O. Baris. 2007. Chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extract of Hippomarathum microcarpum (Bieb.) from Turkey. Journal Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55:937-942.

30. Puvadolpirod, S., and J. P. Thaxton. 2000a. Model of physiological stress in chickens 1. Response parameters. Poultry Science, 79:363-369.

31. Puvadolpirod, S., and J. P. Thaxton. 2000b. Model of physiological stress in chickens 2. Dosimetry of adrenocorticotropin. Poultry Science, 79: 370-376.

32. Pearce, B. C., R. A. Parker, M. E. Deason, A. A. Qureshi, and J. J. Wright. 1992. Hypocholesterolemic Activity of Synthetic and Natural Tocotrienols. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 35:3595-606.

33. Polat, U., D. Yesilbag, and M. Eren. 2011. Serum Biochemical Profile of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Rosemary and Rosemary Volatile Oil. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Science, 5: 23-30

34. Qureshi, A.A., Z. Z. Din, N. Abuirmeileh, W. C. Burger, Y. Ahmad, and C. E. Elson. 1983. Suppression of avian hepatic lipid metabolism by solvent extracts of garlic: Impact on serum lipids. Journal of Nutrition, 113:1746-1755.

35. Radwan, N.L., R. A. Hassan, E. M. Qota, and H. M. Fayek. 2008. Effect of Natural Antioxidant on Oxidative Stability of Eggs and Productive and Reproductive Performance of Laying Hens. International Journal ofPoultry Science, 7:134-150.

36. Sakine, Y., E. Ebru, Z. Reisli, Y. Suzan. 2006. Effect of Garlic Powder on the Performance, Egg Traits and Blood Parameters of Laying hens. Journal of Food Science, 86:1336-1339.

37. Saito, A., K. Nakamura, Y. Hori, and M. Yamamoto, 1999. Effects of capsaicin on serum triglycerides and free fatty acid in olive oil treated rats. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 69:337-340.

38. Toghyani, M., M. Toghyani, A. Gheisari, G. Ghalamkari, and M. Mohammadrezaei. 2010. Growth performance, serum biochemistry and blood hematology of broiler chicks fed different levels of black seed (Nigella sativa) and peppermint (Mentha piperita). Livestock Science, 129:173-178.

39. Wei, A., and T. Shibamoto. 2007. Antioxidant activities and volatile constituents of various essential oils. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 55:1737-1742.

40. Williams, P., R. Losa. 2001. The use of essential oils and their compounds in poultry nutrition. Worlds Poultry Science Journal, 17:14-15.

41. Williams, R. J., J .P. E. Spencer and C. Rice-Evans. 2004. Flavonoids: Antioxidants or signaling molecules? Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 36:838-849.

42. Yuanli Cai, Y., Z. Song, X. Zhang, X. Wang, H. Jiao, and H. Lin. 2009. Increased de novo lipogenesis in liver contributes to the augmented fat deposition in dexamethasone exposed broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, 150:164-169.

43. Zhao, W., X. Chen, C. Yan, H. Liu, Z. Zhang, P. Wang, J. Su, and Y. Li. 2012. Effect of Sea Buckthorn Leaves on Inosine Monophosphate and Adenylosuccinatelyase Gene Expression in Broilers during Heat Stress. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 25(1):92-97.